m1une's library

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:heavy_check_mark: verify/utilities/dynamic_bitset.test.cpp

Depends on

Code

#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/aplusb"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include "../../utilities/fast_io.hpp"
#include <random>
#include <vector>

#include "../../utilities/dynamic_bitset.hpp"

using m1une::utilities::DynamicBitset;

void verify_state(const DynamicBitset& bits, const std::vector<int>& model) {
    const int n = static_cast<int>(model.size());
    assert(bits.size() == n);

    int count = 0;
    int low = -1;
    int top = -1;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        assert(bits.test(i) == static_cast<bool>(model[i]));
        if (model[i]) {
            ++count;
            if (low == -1) low = i;
            top = i;
        }
    }

    assert(bits.popcount() == count);
    assert(bits.lowbit() == low);
    assert(bits.topbit() == top);
    assert(bits.any() == (count > 0));
    assert(bits.none() == (count == 0));
    assert(bits.all() == (count == n));
}

DynamicBitset make_bitset(const std::vector<int>& model) {
    DynamicBitset bits(static_cast<int>(model.size()));
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(model.size()); ++i) {
        if (model[i]) bits.set(i);
    }
    return bits;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_and_model(const std::vector<int>& lhs, const std::vector<int>& rhs) {
    std::vector<int> res(lhs.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(lhs.size()); ++i) res[i] = lhs[i] & rhs[i];
    return res;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_or_model(const std::vector<int>& lhs, const std::vector<int>& rhs) {
    std::vector<int> res(lhs.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(lhs.size()); ++i) res[i] = lhs[i] | rhs[i];
    return res;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_xor_model(const std::vector<int>& lhs, const std::vector<int>& rhs) {
    std::vector<int> res(lhs.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(lhs.size()); ++i) res[i] = lhs[i] ^ rhs[i];
    return res;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_not_model(const std::vector<int>& model) {
    std::vector<int> res(model.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(model.size()); ++i) res[i] = model[i] ^ 1;
    return res;
}

void test_constructors() {
    const std::vector<int> sizes = {0, 1, 2, 3, 31, 32, 33, 63, 64, 65, 66,
                                    127, 128, 129, 130, 191, 192, 193, 257};

    DynamicBitset empty;
    verify_state(empty, std::vector<int>());

    for (int n : sizes) {
        DynamicBitset zero(n);
        verify_state(zero, std::vector<int>(n, 0));

        DynamicBitset one(n, true);
        verify_state(one, std::vector<int>(n, 1));
    }
}

void test_point_and_global_operations() {
    const std::vector<int> sizes = {0, 1, 5, 63, 64, 65, 129, 257};

    for (int n : sizes) {
        DynamicBitset bits(n);
        std::vector<int> model(n, 0);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.set();
        std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 1);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.reset();
        std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 0);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.flip();
        for (int& x : model) x ^= 1;
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.flip();
        for (int& x : model) x ^= 1;
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (i % 3 == 0) {
                bits.set(i);
                model[i] = 1;
            }
        }
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (i % 5 == 0) {
                bits.reset(i);
                model[i] = 0;
            }
        }
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (i % 7 == 0) {
                bits.flip(i);
                model[i] ^= 1;
            }
        }
        verify_state(bits, model);
    }
}

void test_bitwise_operations() {
    const std::vector<int> sizes = {0, 1, 2, 63, 64, 65, 100, 127, 128, 129, 255};

    for (int n : sizes) {
        std::vector<int> lhs(n), rhs(n);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            lhs[i] = ((i * 37 + n) % 5) < 2;
            rhs[i] = ((i * 19 + n * 3) % 7) < 3;
        }

        const DynamicBitset a = make_bitset(lhs);
        const DynamicBitset b = make_bitset(rhs);

        verify_state(a & b, bitwise_and_model(lhs, rhs));
        verify_state(a | b, bitwise_or_model(lhs, rhs));
        verify_state(a ^ b, bitwise_xor_model(lhs, rhs));
        verify_state(~a, bitwise_not_model(lhs));

        DynamicBitset c = a;
        c &= b;
        verify_state(c, bitwise_and_model(lhs, rhs));

        c = a;
        c |= b;
        verify_state(c, bitwise_or_model(lhs, rhs));

        c = a;
        c ^= b;
        verify_state(c, bitwise_xor_model(lhs, rhs));
    }
}

void test_randomized() {
    std::mt19937_64 rng(123456789);

    for (int trial = 0; trial < 200; ++trial) {
        int n;
        if (trial < 130) {
            n = trial;
        } else {
            n = static_cast<int>(rng() % 600);
        }

        DynamicBitset bits(n, (rng() & 1) != 0);
        std::vector<int> model(n, bits.all() ? 1 : 0);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int step = 0; step < 400; ++step) {
            const int op = static_cast<int>(rng() % 10);
            if (op == 0) {
                bits.set();
                std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 1);
            } else if (op == 1) {
                bits.reset();
                std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 0);
            } else if (op == 2) {
                bits.flip();
                for (int& x : model) x ^= 1;
            } else if (op <= 5) {
                if (n == 0) continue;
                const int i = static_cast<int>(rng() % n);
                if (op == 3) {
                    bits.set(i);
                    model[i] = 1;
                } else if (op == 4) {
                    bits.reset(i);
                    model[i] = 0;
                } else {
                    bits.flip(i);
                    model[i] ^= 1;
                }
            } else {
                std::vector<int> other_model(n);
                for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) other_model[i] = (rng() % 3) == 0;
                DynamicBitset other = make_bitset(other_model);

                if (op == 6) {
                    bits &= other;
                    model = bitwise_and_model(model, other_model);
                } else if (op == 7) {
                    bits |= other;
                    model = bitwise_or_model(model, other_model);
                } else if (op == 8) {
                    bits ^= other;
                    model = bitwise_xor_model(model, other_model);
                } else {
                    verify_state(bits & other, bitwise_and_model(model, other_model));
                    verify_state(bits | other, bitwise_or_model(model, other_model));
                    verify_state(bits ^ other, bitwise_xor_model(model, other_model));
                    verify_state(~bits, bitwise_not_model(model));
                }
            }
            verify_state(bits, model);
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    m1une::utilities::FastInput fast_input;
    m1une::utilities::FastOutput fast_output;

    test_constructors();
    test_point_and_global_operations();
    test_bitwise_operations();
    test_randomized();

    long long a, b;
    fast_input >> a >> b;
    fast_output << a + b << '\n';
}
#line 1 "verify/utilities/dynamic_bitset.test.cpp"
#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/aplusb"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#line 1 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"



#line 5 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"
#include <array>
#include <cerrno>
#include <charconv>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <vector>

namespace m1une {
namespace utilities {

struct FastOutput;

namespace internal {

// Shared with the convenience helpers in template.hpp.
inline FastOutput* standard_output_instance = nullptr;

// Detect std::begin(x), std::end(x).
template <class T, class = void>
struct is_range : std::false_type {};

template <class T>
struct is_range<T, std::void_t<
    decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>())),
    decltype(std::end(std::declval<T&>()))
>> : std::true_type {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_range_v = is_range<T>::value;

template <class T>
using range_reference_t = decltype(*std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));

template <class T>
using range_value_t = std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<T>>>;

template <class T, class = void>
struct range_stored_value {
    using type = range_value_t<T>;
};

template <class T>
struct range_stored_value<T, std::void_t<typename std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>::value_type>> {
    using type = typename std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>::value_type;
};

template <class T>
using range_stored_value_t = typename range_stored_value<T>::type;

// Treat strings and C strings as scalar output objects, not as ranges.
template <class T>
struct is_char_array : std::false_type {};

template <class T, std::size_t N>
struct is_char_array<T[N]>
    : std::bool_constant<std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>> {};

template <class T>
struct is_string_like
    : std::bool_constant<
          std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<T>, std::string>
          || std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<T>, const char*>
          || std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<T>, char*>
          || is_char_array<std::remove_reference_t<T>>::value
      > {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_string_like_v = is_string_like<T>::value;

// ModInt-like type: x.val() is printable, and x can be assigned from long long.
template <class T, class = void>
struct has_val_method : std::false_type {};

template <class T>
struct has_val_method<T, std::void_t<decltype(std::declval<const T&>().val())>>
    : std::true_type {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool has_val_method_v = has_val_method<T>::value;

template <class T, class = void>
struct has_static_mod_raw : std::false_type {};

template <class T>
struct has_static_mod_raw<
    T, std::void_t<decltype(T::mod()), decltype(T::raw(std::declval<uint32_t>()))>>
    : std::true_type {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool has_static_mod_raw_v = has_static_mod_raw<T>::value;

// libstdc++ before GCC 16 does not classify __int128 as an integral type in
// strict ISO modes such as -std=c++23. Keep the fast-I/O interface independent
// of that implementation detail.
template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_integral_v =
    std::is_integral_v<T>
    || std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, __int128_t>
    || std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, __uint128_t>;

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_signed_v =
    std::is_signed_v<T>
    || std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, __int128_t>;

template <class T>
struct make_unsigned {
    using type = std::make_unsigned_t<T>;
};

template <>
struct make_unsigned<__int128_t> {
    using type = __uint128_t;
};

template <>
struct make_unsigned<__uint128_t> {
    using type = __uint128_t;
};

template <class T>
using make_unsigned_t = typename make_unsigned<std::remove_cv_t<T>>::type;

}  // namespace internal

struct FastInput {
    static constexpr int buffer_size = 1 << 20;

   private:
    std::FILE* _stream;
    char _buffer[buffer_size];
    int _position;
    int _length;
    int _file_descriptor;
    bool _streaming;

    bool refill() {
        _position = 0;
        if (_streaming) {
            ssize_t length;
            do {
                length = ::read(_file_descriptor, _buffer, buffer_size);
            } while (length < 0 && errno == EINTR);
            if (length <= 0) {
                _length = 0;
                return false;
            }
            _length = int(length);
        } else {
            _length = int(std::fread(_buffer, 1, buffer_size, _stream));
        }
        return _length != 0;
    }

    template <class T>
    bool read_integer_from_stream(T& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        int c = read_char_raw();

        bool negative = false;
        if (c == '-') {
            negative = true;
            c = read_char_raw();
        }

        if constexpr (internal::is_signed_v<T>) {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                result = negative ? result * 10 - (c - '0')
                                  : result * 10 + (c - '0');
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            value = result;
        } else {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                result = result * 10 + T(c - '0');
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            value = negative ? T(0) - result : result;
        }
        return true;
    }

    bool prepare_number() {
        if (_length - _position >= 64) return true;
        const int remaining = _length - _position;
        if (remaining > 0) std::memmove(_buffer, _buffer + _position, remaining);
        const int added = int(std::fread(_buffer + remaining, 1, buffer_size - remaining, _stream));
        _position = 0;
        _length = remaining + added;
        if (_length < buffer_size) _buffer[_length] = '\0';
        return _length != 0;
    }

   public:
    explicit FastInput(std::FILE* stream = stdin)
        : _stream(stream),
          _position(0),
          _length(0),
          _file_descriptor(::fileno(stream)),
          _streaming([&] {
              struct stat status;
              return _file_descriptor >= 0
                     && ::fstat(_file_descriptor, &status) == 0
                     && !S_ISREG(status.st_mode);
          }()) {}

    FastInput(const FastInput&) = delete;
    FastInput& operator=(const FastInput&) = delete;

    int read_char_raw() {
        if (_position == _length && !refill()) return EOF;
        return _buffer[_position++];
    }

    bool skip_spaces() {
        int c = read_char_raw();
        while (c != EOF && c <= ' ') c = read_char_raw();
        if (c == EOF) return false;
        --_position;
        return true;
    }

    bool read(char& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        value = char(read_char_raw());
        return true;
    }

    bool read(std::string& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        value.clear();
        while (true) {
            const int begin = _position;
            while (_position < _length &&
                   static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position]) > ' ') {
                ++_position;
            }
            value.append(_buffer + begin, _position - begin);
            if (_position < _length) {
                ++_position;
                return true;
            }
            if (!refill()) return true;
        }
    }

    bool read(bool& value) {
        int x;
        if (!read(x)) return false;
        value = x != 0;
        return true;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, bool>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>,
        bool
    >
    read(T& value) {
        if (_streaming) return read_integer_from_stream(value);
        if (!prepare_number()) return false;
        int c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
        while (c <= ' ') c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);

        bool negative = false;
        if (c == '-') {
            negative = true;
            c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
        }

        if constexpr (internal::is_signed_v<T>) {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                const int first = c - '0';
                const int second = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position]) - '0';
                if (0 <= second && second <= 9) {
                    result = negative ? result * 100 - (first * 10 + second)
                                      : result * 100 + (first * 10 + second);
                    ++_position;
                } else {
                    result = negative ? result * 10 - first : result * 10 + first;
                }
                c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
            }
            value = result;
        } else {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                const unsigned first = unsigned(c - '0');
                const int second = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position]) - '0';
                if (0 <= second && second <= 9) {
                    result = result * 100 + T(first * 10 + unsigned(second));
                    ++_position;
                } else {
                    result = result * 10 + T(first);
                }
                c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
            }
            value = negative ? T(0) - result : result;
        }
        if (_position > _length) _position = _length;
        return true;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, bool>
    read(T& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        int c = read_char_raw();
        bool negative = false;
        if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
            negative = c == '-';
            c = read_char_raw();
        }

        long double result = 0;
        while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
            result = result * 10 + (c - '0');
            c = read_char_raw();
        }
        if (c == '.') {
            long double place = 0.1L;
            c = read_char_raw();
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                result += (c - '0') * place;
                place *= 0.1L;
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
        }
        if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
            c = read_char_raw();
            bool exponent_negative = false;
            if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
                exponent_negative = c == '-';
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            int exponent = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                exponent = exponent * 10 + (c - '0');
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            long double scale = 1;
            long double power = 10;
            while (exponent > 0) {
                if (exponent & 1) scale *= power;
                power *= power;
                exponent >>= 1;
            }
            result = exponent_negative ? result / scale : result * scale;
        }
        value = static_cast<T>(negative ? -result : result);
        return true;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::has_val_method_v<T>
            && !internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !internal::is_range_v<T>,
        bool
    >
    read(T& value) {
        long long x;
        if (!read(x)) return false;
        if constexpr (internal::has_static_mod_raw_v<T>) {
            if (x >= 0 && uint64_t(x) < uint64_t(T::mod())) {
                value = T::raw(uint32_t(x));
            } else {
                value = T(x);
            }
        } else {
            value = T(x);
        }
        return true;
    }

    template <class First, class Second>
    bool read(std::pair<First, Second>& value) {
        if (!read(value.first)) return false;
        return read(value.second);
    }

    template <class Range>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_range_v<Range>
            && !internal::is_string_like_v<Range>,
        bool
    >
    read(Range& range) {
        using StoredValue = internal::range_stored_value_t<Range>;
        constexpr bool nested = internal::is_range_v<StoredValue>
                                && !internal::is_string_like_v<StoredValue>;

        for (auto&& value : range) {
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<StoredValue, bool> && !nested) {
                bool x;
                if (!read(x)) return false;
                value = x;
            } else {
                if (!read(value)) return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    template <class First, class Second, class... Rest>
    bool read(First& first, Second& second, Rest&... rest) {
        if (!read(first)) return false;
        return read(second, rest...);
    }

    template <class T>
    FastInput& operator>>(T& value) {
        if (!read(value)) std::abort();
        return *this;
    }
};

struct FastOutput {
    static constexpr int buffer_size = 1 << 20;

   private:
    inline static const auto digit_quads = [] {
        std::array<char, 40000> result{};
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            int value = i;
            for (int j = 3; j >= 0; j--) {
                result[4 * i + j] = char('0' + value % 10);
                value /= 10;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }();

    std::FILE* _stream;
    char _buffer[buffer_size];
    int _position;
    int _precision;
    std::chars_format _float_format;
    char _range_separator;
    std::string* _capture = nullptr;

    template <class T>
    std::string format_cell(const T& value) {
        std::string result;
        struct CaptureGuard {
            std::string*& target;
            std::string* previous;
            ~CaptureGuard() { target = previous; }
        } guard{_capture, _capture};
        _capture = &result;
        write(value);
        return result;
    }

    template <class Matrix>
    void write_aligned_matrix(const Matrix& matrix) {
        std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> rows;
        std::vector<std::size_t> widths;
        for (const auto& row : matrix) {
            auto& cells = rows.emplace_back();
            std::size_t column = 0;
            for (const auto& value : row) {
                cells.push_back(format_cell(value));
                if (column == widths.size()) widths.push_back(0);
                widths[column] = std::max(widths[column], cells.back().size());
                ++column;
            }
        }
        bool first = true;
        for (const auto& row : rows) {
            if (!first) write_char('\n');
            first = false;
            for (std::size_t column = 0; column < row.size(); ++column) {
                if (column != 0) write_char(_range_separator);
                for (std::size_t padding = row[column].size();
                     padding < widths[column]; ++padding) {
                    write_char(' ');
                }
                write(row[column]);
            }
        }
    }

   public:
    explicit FastOutput(std::FILE* stream = stdout)
        : _stream(stream),
          _position(0),
          _precision(6),
          _float_format(std::chars_format::general),
          _range_separator(' ') {
        if (_stream == stdout
            && internal::standard_output_instance == nullptr) {
            internal::standard_output_instance = this;
        }
    }

    FastOutput(const FastOutput&) = delete;
    FastOutput& operator=(const FastOutput&) = delete;

    ~FastOutput() {
        flush();
        if (internal::standard_output_instance == this) {
            internal::standard_output_instance = nullptr;
        }
    }

    void flush() {
        if (_position != 0) {
            std::fwrite(_buffer, 1, _position, _stream);
            _position = 0;
        }
        std::fflush(_stream);
    }

    void write_char(char c) {
        if (_capture != nullptr) {
            _capture->push_back(c);
            return;
        }
        if (_position == buffer_size) flush();
        _buffer[_position++] = c;
    }

    void write(const char* s) {
        while (*s != '\0') write_char(*s++);
    }

    void write(const std::string& s) {
        if (_capture != nullptr) {
            _capture->append(s);
            return;
        }
        std::size_t position = 0;
        while (position < s.size()) {
            if (_position == buffer_size) flush();
            const std::size_t copied =
                std::min<std::size_t>(buffer_size - _position, s.size() - position);
            std::memcpy(_buffer + _position, s.data() + position, copied);
            _position += int(copied);
            position += copied;
        }
    }

    void write(char c) {
        write_char(c);
    }

    void write(bool value) {
        write_char(value ? '1' : '0');
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>>
    write(T value) {
        char digits[128];
        auto [end, error] = std::to_chars(
            digits,
            digits + sizeof(digits),
            value,
            _float_format,
            _precision
        );
        if (error != std::errc()) std::abort();
        for (const char* pointer = digits; pointer != end; pointer++) {
            write_char(*pointer);
        }
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, bool>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>
    >
    write(T value) {
        using Raw = std::remove_cv_t<T>;
        using Unsigned = internal::make_unsigned_t<Raw>;

        Unsigned magnitude;
        if constexpr (internal::is_signed_v<Raw>) {
            if (value < 0) {
                write_char('-');
                magnitude = Unsigned(0) - Unsigned(value);
            } else {
                magnitude = Unsigned(value);
            }
        } else {
            magnitude = value;
        }

        if (magnitude == 0) {
            write_char('0');
            return;
        }

        unsigned chunks[16];
        int count = 0;
        while (magnitude >= 10000) {
            const Unsigned quotient = magnitude / 10000;
            chunks[count++] = unsigned(magnitude - quotient * 10000);
            magnitude = quotient;
        }
        if (_capture == nullptr && _position > buffer_size - 64) flush();
        char captured[64];
        char* const begin = _capture != nullptr ? captured : _buffer + _position;
        char* destination = begin;
        const unsigned leading = unsigned(magnitude);
        const char* first = digit_quads.data() + 4 * leading;
        int skip = leading < 10 ? 3 : leading < 100 ? 2 : leading < 1000 ? 1 : 0;
        for (; skip < 4; skip++) *destination++ = first[skip];
        while (count--) {
            const char* digits = digit_quads.data() + 4 * chunks[count];
            std::memcpy(destination, digits, 4);
            destination += 4;
        }
        if (_capture != nullptr) {
            _capture->append(begin, destination - begin);
        } else {
            _position += int(destination - begin);
        }
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::has_val_method_v<T>
            && !internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !internal::is_range_v<T>
    >
    write(const T& value) {
        write(value.val());
    }

    template <class First, class Second>
    void write(const std::pair<First, Second>& value) {
        write(value.first);
        write_char(' ');
        write(value.second);
    }

    template <class Range>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_range_v<Range>
            && !internal::is_string_like_v<Range>
    >
    write(const Range& range) {
        using StoredValue = internal::range_stored_value_t<const Range>;
        constexpr bool nested = internal::is_range_v<StoredValue>
                                && !internal::is_string_like_v<StoredValue>;

        bool first = true;
        for (const auto& value : range) {
            if (!first) write_char(nested ? '\n' : _range_separator);
            first = false;
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<StoredValue, bool> && !nested) {
                write(static_cast<bool>(value));
            } else {
                write(value);
            }
        }
    }

    template <class First, class... Rest>
    void print(const First& first, const Rest&... rest) {
        write(first);
        ((write_char(' '), write(rest)), ...);
    }

    void println() {
        write_char('\n');
    }

    void set_precision(int precision) {
        _precision = precision;
    }

    void set_fixed(int precision = 6) {
        _float_format = std::chars_format::fixed;
        _precision = precision;
    }

    void set_general(int precision = 6) {
        _float_format = std::chars_format::general;
        _precision = precision;
    }

    void set_range_separator(char separator) {
        _range_separator = separator;
    }

    template <class Matrix>
    void write_aligned(const Matrix& matrix) {
        using Row = internal::range_stored_value_t<const Matrix>;
        using Cell = internal::range_stored_value_t<const Row>;
        static_assert(internal::is_range_v<Row> && !internal::is_string_like_v<Row>,
                      "write_aligned requires a two-dimensional range");
        static_assert(!internal::is_range_v<Cell> || internal::is_string_like_v<Cell>,
                      "write_aligned requires scalar cells");
        write_aligned_matrix(matrix);
    }

    template <class Matrix>
    void println_aligned(const Matrix& matrix) {
        write_aligned(matrix);
        write_char('\n');
    }

    template <class... Args>
    void println(const Args&... args) {
        print(args...);
        write_char('\n');
    }

    template <class T>
    FastOutput& operator<<(const T& value) {
        write(value);
        return *this;
    }
};

}  // namespace utilities
}  // namespace m1une


#line 6 "verify/utilities/dynamic_bitset.test.cpp"
#include <random>
#line 8 "verify/utilities/dynamic_bitset.test.cpp"

#line 1 "utilities/dynamic_bitset.hpp"



#line 9 "utilities/dynamic_bitset.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace utilities {

struct DynamicBitset {
   private:
    static constexpr int BITS_PER_BLOCK = 64;
    static constexpr uint64_t FULL_BLOCK = ~uint64_t{0};

    int _n;
    std::vector<uint64_t> blocks;

    static int block_count(int n) {
        assert(n >= 0);
        return (n + BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1) >> 6;
    }

    uint64_t tail_mask() const {
        const int rem = _n & (BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1);
        return rem == 0 ? FULL_BLOCK : ((uint64_t{1} << rem) - 1);
    }

    // Keep unused bits in the last block equal to zero.
    void clean() {
        if (!blocks.empty()) blocks.back() &= tail_mask();
    }

   public:
    DynamicBitset() : _n(0), blocks() {}

    explicit DynamicBitset(int n, bool val = false) : _n(n), blocks(block_count(n), val ? FULL_BLOCK : 0) {
        if (val) clean();
    }

    // Returns the logical number of bits.
    int size() const {
        return _n;
    }

    // Returns whether the bit at index i is set.
    bool test(int i) const {
        assert(0 <= i && i < _n);
        return (blocks[i >> 6] >> (i & (BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1))) & 1;
    }

    // Sets the bit at index i to true.
    void set(int i) {
        assert(0 <= i && i < _n);
        blocks[i >> 6] |= uint64_t{1} << (i & (BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1));
    }

    // Sets all bits to true.
    void set() {
        std::fill(blocks.begin(), blocks.end(), FULL_BLOCK);
        clean();
    }

    // Sets the bit at index i to false.
    void reset(int i) {
        assert(0 <= i && i < _n);
        blocks[i >> 6] &= ~(uint64_t{1} << (i & (BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1)));
    }

    // Sets all bits to false.
    void reset() {
        std::fill(blocks.begin(), blocks.end(), uint64_t{0});
    }

    // Flips the bit at index i.
    void flip(int i) {
        assert(0 <= i && i < _n);
        blocks[i >> 6] ^= uint64_t{1} << (i & (BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1));
    }

    // Flips all bits.
    void flip() {
        for (uint64_t& block : blocks) block = ~block;
        clean();
    }

    // Returns the number of set bits.
    int popcount() const {
        int res = 0;
        for (uint64_t block : blocks) res += __builtin_popcountll(block);
        return res;
    }

    // Returns the index of the least significant set bit, or -1 if no bit is set.
    int lowbit() const {
        const int m = static_cast<int>(blocks.size());
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            if (blocks[i] != 0) return (i << 6) + __builtin_ctzll(blocks[i]);
        }
        return -1;
    }

    // Returns the index of the most significant set bit, or -1 if no bit is set.
    int topbit() const {
        for (int i = static_cast<int>(blocks.size()) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
            if (blocks[i] != 0) return (i << 6) + (BITS_PER_BLOCK - 1 - __builtin_clzll(blocks[i]));
        }
        return -1;
    }

    // Returns whether at least one bit is set.
    bool any() const {
        for (uint64_t block : blocks) {
            if (block != 0) return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    // Returns whether every logical bit is set.
    bool all() const {
        if (_n == 0) return true;

        const int m = static_cast<int>(blocks.size());
        for (int i = 0; i + 1 < m; ++i) {
            if (blocks[i] != FULL_BLOCK) return false;
        }
        return blocks.back() == tail_mask();
    }

    // Returns whether no bit is set.
    bool none() const {
        return !any();
    }

    DynamicBitset& operator&=(const DynamicBitset& other) {
        assert(_n == other._n);
        const std::size_t m = blocks.size();
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m; ++i) blocks[i] &= other.blocks[i];
        return *this;
    }

    DynamicBitset& operator|=(const DynamicBitset& other) {
        assert(_n == other._n);
        const std::size_t m = blocks.size();
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m; ++i) blocks[i] |= other.blocks[i];
        return *this;
    }

    DynamicBitset& operator^=(const DynamicBitset& other) {
        assert(_n == other._n);
        const std::size_t m = blocks.size();
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m; ++i) blocks[i] ^= other.blocks[i];
        return *this;
    }

    DynamicBitset operator~() const {
        DynamicBitset res = *this;
        res.flip();
        return res;
    }

    friend DynamicBitset operator&(DynamicBitset lhs, const DynamicBitset& rhs) {
        lhs &= rhs;
        return lhs;
    }

    friend DynamicBitset operator|(DynamicBitset lhs, const DynamicBitset& rhs) {
        lhs |= rhs;
        return lhs;
    }

    friend DynamicBitset operator^(DynamicBitset lhs, const DynamicBitset& rhs) {
        lhs ^= rhs;
        return lhs;
    }
};

}  // namespace utilities
}  // namespace m1une


#line 10 "verify/utilities/dynamic_bitset.test.cpp"

using m1une::utilities::DynamicBitset;

void verify_state(const DynamicBitset& bits, const std::vector<int>& model) {
    const int n = static_cast<int>(model.size());
    assert(bits.size() == n);

    int count = 0;
    int low = -1;
    int top = -1;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        assert(bits.test(i) == static_cast<bool>(model[i]));
        if (model[i]) {
            ++count;
            if (low == -1) low = i;
            top = i;
        }
    }

    assert(bits.popcount() == count);
    assert(bits.lowbit() == low);
    assert(bits.topbit() == top);
    assert(bits.any() == (count > 0));
    assert(bits.none() == (count == 0));
    assert(bits.all() == (count == n));
}

DynamicBitset make_bitset(const std::vector<int>& model) {
    DynamicBitset bits(static_cast<int>(model.size()));
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(model.size()); ++i) {
        if (model[i]) bits.set(i);
    }
    return bits;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_and_model(const std::vector<int>& lhs, const std::vector<int>& rhs) {
    std::vector<int> res(lhs.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(lhs.size()); ++i) res[i] = lhs[i] & rhs[i];
    return res;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_or_model(const std::vector<int>& lhs, const std::vector<int>& rhs) {
    std::vector<int> res(lhs.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(lhs.size()); ++i) res[i] = lhs[i] | rhs[i];
    return res;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_xor_model(const std::vector<int>& lhs, const std::vector<int>& rhs) {
    std::vector<int> res(lhs.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(lhs.size()); ++i) res[i] = lhs[i] ^ rhs[i];
    return res;
}

std::vector<int> bitwise_not_model(const std::vector<int>& model) {
    std::vector<int> res(model.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(model.size()); ++i) res[i] = model[i] ^ 1;
    return res;
}

void test_constructors() {
    const std::vector<int> sizes = {0, 1, 2, 3, 31, 32, 33, 63, 64, 65, 66,
                                    127, 128, 129, 130, 191, 192, 193, 257};

    DynamicBitset empty;
    verify_state(empty, std::vector<int>());

    for (int n : sizes) {
        DynamicBitset zero(n);
        verify_state(zero, std::vector<int>(n, 0));

        DynamicBitset one(n, true);
        verify_state(one, std::vector<int>(n, 1));
    }
}

void test_point_and_global_operations() {
    const std::vector<int> sizes = {0, 1, 5, 63, 64, 65, 129, 257};

    for (int n : sizes) {
        DynamicBitset bits(n);
        std::vector<int> model(n, 0);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.set();
        std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 1);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.reset();
        std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 0);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.flip();
        for (int& x : model) x ^= 1;
        verify_state(bits, model);

        bits.flip();
        for (int& x : model) x ^= 1;
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (i % 3 == 0) {
                bits.set(i);
                model[i] = 1;
            }
        }
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (i % 5 == 0) {
                bits.reset(i);
                model[i] = 0;
            }
        }
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (i % 7 == 0) {
                bits.flip(i);
                model[i] ^= 1;
            }
        }
        verify_state(bits, model);
    }
}

void test_bitwise_operations() {
    const std::vector<int> sizes = {0, 1, 2, 63, 64, 65, 100, 127, 128, 129, 255};

    for (int n : sizes) {
        std::vector<int> lhs(n), rhs(n);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            lhs[i] = ((i * 37 + n) % 5) < 2;
            rhs[i] = ((i * 19 + n * 3) % 7) < 3;
        }

        const DynamicBitset a = make_bitset(lhs);
        const DynamicBitset b = make_bitset(rhs);

        verify_state(a & b, bitwise_and_model(lhs, rhs));
        verify_state(a | b, bitwise_or_model(lhs, rhs));
        verify_state(a ^ b, bitwise_xor_model(lhs, rhs));
        verify_state(~a, bitwise_not_model(lhs));

        DynamicBitset c = a;
        c &= b;
        verify_state(c, bitwise_and_model(lhs, rhs));

        c = a;
        c |= b;
        verify_state(c, bitwise_or_model(lhs, rhs));

        c = a;
        c ^= b;
        verify_state(c, bitwise_xor_model(lhs, rhs));
    }
}

void test_randomized() {
    std::mt19937_64 rng(123456789);

    for (int trial = 0; trial < 200; ++trial) {
        int n;
        if (trial < 130) {
            n = trial;
        } else {
            n = static_cast<int>(rng() % 600);
        }

        DynamicBitset bits(n, (rng() & 1) != 0);
        std::vector<int> model(n, bits.all() ? 1 : 0);
        verify_state(bits, model);

        for (int step = 0; step < 400; ++step) {
            const int op = static_cast<int>(rng() % 10);
            if (op == 0) {
                bits.set();
                std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 1);
            } else if (op == 1) {
                bits.reset();
                std::fill(model.begin(), model.end(), 0);
            } else if (op == 2) {
                bits.flip();
                for (int& x : model) x ^= 1;
            } else if (op <= 5) {
                if (n == 0) continue;
                const int i = static_cast<int>(rng() % n);
                if (op == 3) {
                    bits.set(i);
                    model[i] = 1;
                } else if (op == 4) {
                    bits.reset(i);
                    model[i] = 0;
                } else {
                    bits.flip(i);
                    model[i] ^= 1;
                }
            } else {
                std::vector<int> other_model(n);
                for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) other_model[i] = (rng() % 3) == 0;
                DynamicBitset other = make_bitset(other_model);

                if (op == 6) {
                    bits &= other;
                    model = bitwise_and_model(model, other_model);
                } else if (op == 7) {
                    bits |= other;
                    model = bitwise_or_model(model, other_model);
                } else if (op == 8) {
                    bits ^= other;
                    model = bitwise_xor_model(model, other_model);
                } else {
                    verify_state(bits & other, bitwise_and_model(model, other_model));
                    verify_state(bits | other, bitwise_or_model(model, other_model));
                    verify_state(bits ^ other, bitwise_xor_model(model, other_model));
                    verify_state(~bits, bitwise_not_model(model));
                }
            }
            verify_state(bits, model);
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    m1une::utilities::FastInput fast_input;
    m1une::utilities::FastOutput fast_output;

    test_constructors();
    test_point_and_global_operations();
    test_bitwise_operations();
    test_randomized();

    long long a, b;
    fast_input >> a >> b;
    fast_output << a + b << '\n';
}
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