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:heavy_check_mark: verify/ds/persistent_release.test.cpp

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Code

#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/persistent_unionfind"

#include "../../ds/bst/persistent_ordered_multiset.hpp"
#include "../../ds/bst/persistent_ordered_set.hpp"
#include "../../ds/deque/persistent_deque.hpp"
#include "../../ds/dsu/partially_persistent_dsu.hpp"
#include "../../ds/dsu/persistent_dsu.hpp"
#include "../../ds/dsu/persistent_potentialized_dsu.hpp"
#include "../../ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_array.hpp"
#include "../../ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_lazy_monoid_array.hpp"
#include "../../ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_monoid_array.hpp"
#include "../../ds/queue/persistent_queue.hpp"
#include "../../ds/stack/persistent_stack.hpp"
#include "../../acted_monoid/range_add_range_sum.hpp"
#include "../../monoid/add.hpp"
#include "../../utilities/fast_io.hpp"

#include <cassert>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

void test_release() {
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicArray<int> base = {1, 2, 3, 4};
        auto branch = base.insert(2, 9).reverse();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live);
        std::vector<int> expected = {1, 2, 3, 4};
        assert(base.to_vector() == expected);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        using Array = m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicMonoidArray<m1une::monoid::Add<long long>>;
        Array base(std::vector<long long>{1, 2, 3});
        auto branch = base.set(1, 7).reverse();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.all_prod() == 6);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        using ActedMonoid = m1une::acted_monoid::RangeAddRangeSum<long long>;
        using Array = m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray<ActedMonoid>;
        Array base(std::vector<long long>{1, 2, 3});
        auto branch = base.apply(0, 2, 5).reverse();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.all_prod().sum == 6);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentDsu base(5);
        auto branch = base.merge(0, 1).merge(1, 2);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && !base.same(0, 1));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        using Dsu = m1une::ds::PersistentPotentializedDsu<m1une::monoid::Add<long long>>;
        Dsu base(4);
        auto branch = base.merge(0, 1, 3).first.merge(1, 2, 4).first;
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && !base.same(0, 1));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentStack<int> base;
        base = base.push(1).push(2);
        auto branch = base.push(3);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.top() == 2);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentQueue<int> base;
        base = base.push(1).push(2).push(3);
        auto branch = base.push(4).pop();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live);
        assert(base.front() == 1 && base.back() == 3);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentDeque<int> base;
        base = base.push_back(1).push_front(2).push_back(3);
        auto branch = base.push_front(4).pop_back();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live);
        assert(base.front() == 2 && base.back() == 3);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentOrderedMultiset<int> base = {1, 2, 3};
        auto branch = base.insert(4).erase(2);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.contains(2));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentOrderedSet<int> base = {1, 2, 3};
        auto branch = base.insert(4).erase(2);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.contains(2));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PartiallyPersistentDsu dsu(4);
        dsu.merge(0, 1);
        dsu.merge(2, 3);
        dsu.release();
        assert(dsu.empty() && dsu.time() == 0);
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicArray<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push_back(value);
        value.reset();
        assert(!lifetime.expired());
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentStack<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push(value);
        value.reset();
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentQueue<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push(value);
        value.reset();
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentDeque<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push_back(value);
        value.reset();
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
}

int main() {
    test_release();

    m1une::utilities::FastInput fast_input;
    m1une::utilities::FastOutput fast_output;
    int n, query_count;
    fast_input >> n >> query_count;
    using Dsu = m1une::ds::PersistentDsu;
    std::vector<Dsu> versions;
    versions.emplace_back(n);
    while (query_count--) {
        int type, version, u, v;
        fast_input >> type >> version >> u >> v;
        const Dsu& base = versions[version + 1];
        if (type == 0) {
            versions.push_back(base.merge(u, v));
        } else {
            fast_output << int(base.same(u, v)) << '\n';
            versions.emplace_back();
        }
    }
}
#line 1 "verify/ds/persistent_release.test.cpp"
#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/persistent_unionfind"

#line 1 "ds/bst/persistent_ordered_multiset.hpp"



#include <cassert>
#include <cstddef>
#include <functional>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#line 1 "ds/detail/persistent_binary_node_pool.hpp"



#line 6 "ds/detail/persistent_binary_node_pool.hpp"
#include <deque>
#include <limits>
#include <optional>
#line 11 "ds/detail/persistent_binary_node_pool.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {
namespace detail {

// Node must have integer `l` and `r` members. New nodes initially have no
// owner; discard_unreferenced() removes temporary path-copy nodes after the
// result roots have been retained.
template <class Node, int null_node = -1>
struct PersistentBinaryNodePool {
   private:
    std::deque<std::optional<Node>> _nodes;
    std::vector<int> _references;
    std::vector<int> _next_free;
    std::vector<int> _unowned;
    int _first_free = -1;
    std::size_t _live_nodes = 0;

    void release_zero(int node) {
        assert(node != null_node && _nodes[node].has_value());
        int left = (*_nodes[node]).l;
        int right = (*_nodes[node]).r;
        _nodes[node].reset();
        _next_free[node] = _first_free;
        _first_free = node;
        --_live_nodes;
        if (left != null_node && --_references[left] == 0) release_zero(left);
        if (right != null_node && --_references[right] == 0) release_zero(right);
    }

   public:
    PersistentBinaryNodePool() {
        if constexpr (null_node == 0) {
            _nodes.emplace_back();
            _references.push_back(0);
            _next_free.push_back(-1);
        }
    }

    Node& operator[](int node) {
        assert(node != null_node && _nodes[node].has_value());
        return *_nodes[node];
    }

    const Node& operator[](int node) const {
        assert(node != null_node && _nodes[node].has_value());
        return *_nodes[node];
    }

    template <class... Args>
    int emplace(Args&&... args) {
        int result;
        if (_first_free == -1) {
            assert(_nodes.size() < std::size_t(std::numeric_limits<int>::max()));
            result = int(_nodes.size());
            _nodes.emplace_back(std::in_place, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
            _references.push_back(0);
            _next_free.push_back(-1);
        } else {
            result = _first_free;
            _first_free = _next_free[result];
            _nodes[result].emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
            _references[result] = 0;
        }
        retain((*_nodes[result]).l);
        retain((*_nodes[result]).r);
        _unowned.push_back(result);
        ++_live_nodes;
        return result;
    }

    void retain(int node) {
        if (node != null_node) {
            assert(_nodes[node].has_value());
            ++_references[node];
        }
    }

    void release(int node) {
        if (node == null_node) return;
        assert(_nodes[node].has_value() && _references[node] > 0);
        if (--_references[node] == 0) release_zero(node);
    }

    bool unique(int node) const {
        return node == null_node || _references[node] == 1;
    }

    int clone(int node) {
        assert(node != null_node && _nodes[node].has_value());
        return emplace(*_nodes[node]);
    }

    // Returns node itself when it has one owner, otherwise an unowned clone.
    // A returned clone becomes owned when a root or parent edge retains it.
    int clone_if_shared(int node) {
        if (unique(node)) return node;
        return clone(node);
    }

    void replace(int& edge, int node) {
        if (edge == node) return;
        retain(node);
        int old = edge;
        edge = node;
        release(old);
    }

    void discard_unreferenced() {
        while (!_unowned.empty()) {
            int node = _unowned.back();
            _unowned.pop_back();
            if (_nodes[node].has_value() && _references[node] == 0) release_zero(node);
        }
    }

    void reserve(std::size_t) {}

    int next_index() const { return _first_free == -1 ? int(_nodes.size()) : _first_free; }

    std::size_t size() const { return _live_nodes; }
};

}  // namespace detail
}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 12 "ds/bst/persistent_ordered_multiset.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

template <typename T, typename Compare>
struct PersistentOrderedSet;

template <typename T, typename Compare = std::less<T>>
struct PersistentOrderedMultiset {
   private:
    friend struct PersistentOrderedSet<T, Compare>;
    struct Node {
        T key;
        int count;
        int size;
        int distinct_size;
        int rank_color;
        int l;
        int r;
        int min_leaf;
        int max_leaf;

        Node(T value, int multiplicity, int maximum)
            : key(std::move(value)),
              count(multiplicity),
              size(multiplicity),
              distinct_size(1),
              rank_color(1),
              l(-1),
              r(-1),
              min_leaf(maximum),
              max_leaf(maximum) {}

        Node(T separator, int subtree_size, int left_size, int unique_count, int node_rank,
             int left, int right, int minimum, int maximum, bool is_black)
            : key(std::move(separator)),
              count(left_size),
              size(subtree_size),
              distinct_size(unique_count),
              rank_color(node_rank * 2 + int(is_black)),
              l(left),
              r(right),
              min_leaf(minimum),
              max_leaf(maximum) {}
    };

    using Pool = detail::PersistentBinaryNodePool<Node>;

    inline static Pool pool;

    int root;
    Compare comp;

    static int subtree_size(int t) { return t == -1 ? 0 : pool[t].size; }
    static int subtree_distinct_size(int t) { return t == -1 ? 0 : pool[t].distinct_size; }
    static int node_rank(int t) { return pool[t].rank_color >> 1; }
    static bool is_black(int t) { return (pool[t].rank_color & 1) != 0; }
    static bool is_leaf(int t) { return pool[t].l == -1; }

    bool equal(const T& a, const T& b) const {
        return !comp(a, b) && !comp(b, a);
    }

    static int make_leaf(T key, int count) {
        const int id = pool.next_index();
        return pool.emplace(std::move(key), count, id);
    }

    static int make_node(int l, int r, bool black) {
        assert(l != -1 && r != -1);
        const int rank = node_rank(l) + int(is_black(l));
        assert(rank == node_rank(r) + int(is_black(r)));
        return pool.emplace(pool[pool[l].max_leaf].key,
                            subtree_size(l) + subtree_size(r),
                            subtree_size(l),
                            subtree_distinct_size(l) + subtree_distinct_size(r),
                            rank, l, r, pool[l].min_leaf, pool[r].max_leaf,
                            black);
    }

    static int as_root(int t) {
        if (t == -1 || is_black(t)) return t;
        return make_node(pool[t].l, pool[t].r, true);
    }

    static int merge_sub(int a, int b) {
        assert(a != -1 && b != -1);
        if (node_rank(a) < node_rank(b)) {
            const Node& right = pool[b];
            int c = merge_sub(a, right.l);
            if (is_black(b) && !is_black(c) && !is_black(pool[c].l)) {
                const Node& middle = pool[c];
                if (is_black(right.r)) {
                    return make_node(middle.l,
                                     make_node(middle.r, right.r, false),
                                     true);
                }
                const Node& far = pool[right.r];
                return make_node(make_node(middle.l, middle.r, true),
                                 make_node(far.l, far.r, true),
                                 false);
            }
            return make_node(c, right.r, is_black(b));
        }
        if (node_rank(a) > node_rank(b)) {
            const Node& left = pool[a];
            int c = merge_sub(left.r, b);
            if (is_black(a) && !is_black(c) && !is_black(pool[c].r)) {
                const Node& middle = pool[c];
                if (is_black(left.l)) {
                    return make_node(make_node(left.l, middle.l, false),
                                     middle.r, true);
                }
                const Node& far = pool[left.l];
                return make_node(make_node(far.l, far.r, true),
                                 make_node(middle.l, middle.r, true),
                                 false);
            }
            return make_node(left.l, c, is_black(a));
        }
        return make_node(a, b, false);
    }

    static int merge_nodes(int a, int b) {
        if (a == -1 || b == -1) return a == -1 ? b : a;
        return as_root(merge_sub(as_root(a), as_root(b)));
    }

    std::pair<int, int> split_nodes(int t, const T& key) const {
        if (t == -1) return {-1, -1};
        const Node& node = pool[t];
        if (is_leaf(t)) return comp(node.key, key) ? std::pair{t, -1} : std::pair{-1, t};
        if (comp(node.key, key)) {
            auto [l, r] = split_nodes(node.r, key);
            return {merge_nodes(as_root(node.l), l), r};
        }
        auto [l, r] = split_nodes(node.l, key);
        return {l, merge_nodes(r, as_root(node.r))};
    }

    int change_count_impl(int t, const T& key, int delta, int& old_count) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        const Node& node = pool[t];
        if (is_leaf(t)) {
            if (!equal(node.key, key)) return t;
            old_count = node.count;
            return node.count + delta == 0 ? t : make_leaf(node.key, node.count + delta);
        }
        int child;
        if (!comp(node.key, key)) {
            child = change_count_impl(node.l, key, delta, old_count);
            if (old_count == 0 || old_count + delta == 0) return t;
            return make_node(child, node.r, is_black(t));
        }
        child = change_count_impl(node.r, key, delta, old_count);
        if (old_count == 0 || old_count + delta == 0) return t;
        return make_node(node.l, child, is_black(t));
    }

    int change_count_inplace(int t, const T& key, int delta) const {
        t = pool.clone_if_shared(t);
        if (is_leaf(t)) {
            assert(equal(pool[t].key, key));
            assert(pool[t].count + delta > 0);
            pool[t].count += delta;
            pool[t].size += delta;
            return t;
        }
        if (!comp(pool[t].key, key)) {
            int child = change_count_inplace(pool[t].l, key, delta);
            pool.replace(pool[t].l, child);
        } else {
            int child = change_count_inplace(pool[t].r, key, delta);
            pool.replace(pool[t].r, child);
        }
        Node& node = pool[t];
        node.count = subtree_size(node.l);
        node.size = node.count + subtree_size(node.r);
        return t;
    }

    int count_impl(int t, const T& key) const {
        if (t == -1) return 0;
        while (!is_leaf(t)) {
            t = !comp(pool[t].key, key) ? pool[t].l : pool[t].r;
        }
        return equal(pool[t].key, key) ? pool[t].count : 0;
    }

    const T* kth_impl(int t, int k) const {
        while (!is_leaf(t)) {
            const int left_size = pool[t].count;
            if (k < left_size) {
                t = pool[t].l;
            } else {
                k -= left_size;
                t = pool[t].r;
            }
        }
        return &pool[t].key;
    }

    int order_of_key_impl(int t, const T& key, bool upper) const {
        int result = 0;
        while (t != -1 && !is_leaf(t)) {
            const Node& node = pool[t];
            const T& separator = node.key;
            const bool take_left = upper ? !comp(key, separator) : comp(separator, key);
            if (take_left) {
                result += node.count;
                t = node.r;
            } else {
                t = node.l;
            }
        }
        if (t != -1) {
            const bool take_leaf = upper ? !comp(key, pool[t].key) : comp(pool[t].key, key);
            if (take_leaf) result += pool[t].count;
        }
        return result;
    }

    const T* lower_bound_impl(int t, const T& key, bool strict) const {
        const T* result = nullptr;
        while (t != -1) {
            const Node& node = pool[t];
            if (is_leaf(t)) {
                const bool candidate = strict ? comp(key, node.key) : !comp(node.key, key);
                return candidate ? &node.key : result;
            }
            const T& separator = node.key;
            const bool go_left = strict ? comp(key, separator) : !comp(separator, key);
            if (go_left) {
                result = &pool[pool[node.r].min_leaf].key;
                t = node.l;
            } else {
                t = node.r;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    const T* max_less_impl(int t, const T& key, bool strict) const {
        const T* result = nullptr;
        while (t != -1) {
            const Node& node = pool[t];
            if (is_leaf(t)) {
                const bool candidate = strict ? comp(node.key, key) : !comp(key, node.key);
                return candidate ? &node.key : result;
            }
            const T& separator = node.key;
            const bool take_left = strict ? comp(separator, key) : !comp(key, separator);
            if (take_left) {
                result = &separator;
                t = node.r;
            } else {
                t = node.l;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    static void dump_impl(int t, std::vector<T>& result) {
        if (t == -1) return;
        const Node& node = pool[t];
        if (is_leaf(t)) {
            for (int i = 0; i < node.count; ++i) result.push_back(node.key);
            return;
        }
        dump_impl(node.l, result);
        dump_impl(node.r, result);
    }

    static std::pair<int, int> pop_min(int t) {
        assert(t != -1);
        const Node& node = pool[t];
        if (is_leaf(t)) return {t, -1};
        auto [minimum, rest] = pop_min(node.l);
        return {minimum, merge_nodes(rest, as_root(node.r))};
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset(int node, Compare compare) : root(node), comp(std::move(compare)) {
        pool.retain(root);
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset make_version(int node) const {
        PersistentOrderedMultiset result(node, comp);
        pool.discard_unreferenced();
        return result;
    }

   public:
    explicit PersistentOrderedMultiset(Compare compare) : root(-1), comp(std::move(compare)) {}
    PersistentOrderedMultiset() : PersistentOrderedMultiset(Compare()) {}

    PersistentOrderedMultiset(std::initializer_list<T> init, Compare compare = Compare())
        : PersistentOrderedMultiset(std::move(compare)) {
        for (const T& x : init) *this = insert(x);
    }

    template <typename Iterator>
    PersistentOrderedMultiset(Iterator first, Iterator last, Compare compare = Compare())
        : PersistentOrderedMultiset(std::move(compare)) {
        while (first != last) *this = insert(*first++);
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset(const PersistentOrderedMultiset& other)
        : root(other.root), comp(other.comp) {
        pool.retain(root);
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset(PersistentOrderedMultiset&& other)
        : root(other.root), comp(std::move(other.comp)) {
        other.root = -1;
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset& operator=(const PersistentOrderedMultiset& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        pool.retain(other.root);
        pool.release(root);
        root = other.root;
        comp = other.comp;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset& operator=(PersistentOrderedMultiset&& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        pool.release(root);
        root = other.root;
        comp = std::move(other.comp);
        other.root = -1;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentOrderedMultiset() { pool.release(root); }

    int size() const { return subtree_size(root); }
    int unique_size() const { return subtree_distinct_size(root); }
    bool empty() const { return root == -1; }
    void release() { pool.release(std::exchange(root, -1)); }
    std::size_t node_count() const { return pool.size(); }
    PersistentOrderedMultiset clear() const { return make_version(-1); }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset insert(T key, int multiplicity = 1) const {
        assert(multiplicity > 0);
        int old_count = 0;
        const int changed_root = change_count_impl(root, key, multiplicity, old_count);
        if (old_count != 0) {
            return make_version(changed_root);
        }
        auto [l, r] = split_nodes(root, key);
        return make_version(merge_nodes(merge_nodes(l, make_leaf(std::move(key), multiplicity)), r));
    }

    void insert_inplace(T key, int multiplicity = 1) {
        assert(multiplicity > 0);
        if (!contains(key)) {
            *this = insert(std::move(key), multiplicity);
            return;
        }
        int next_root = change_count_inplace(root, key, multiplicity);
        pool.replace(root, next_root);
        pool.discard_unreferenced();
    }

   private:
    PersistentOrderedMultiset insert_unique(T key) const {
        if (contains(key)) return *this;
        auto [l, r] = split_nodes(root, key);
        return make_version(merge_nodes(merge_nodes(l, make_leaf(std::move(key), 1)), r));
    }

   public:
    PersistentOrderedMultiset erase_one(const T& key) const {
        int old_count = 0;
        const int changed_root = change_count_impl(root, key, -1, old_count);
        if (old_count == 0) return *this;
        if (old_count > 1) return make_version(changed_root);
        auto [l, r] = split_nodes(root, key);
        auto [discarded, rest] = pop_min(r);
        assert(equal(pool[discarded].key, key));
        return make_version(merge_nodes(l, rest));
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset erase(const T& key) const { return erase_one(key); }

    bool erase_one_inplace(const T& key) {
        int old_count = count(key);
        if (old_count == 0) return false;
        if (old_count == 1) {
            *this = erase_one(key);
            return true;
        }
        int next_root = change_count_inplace(root, key, -1);
        pool.replace(root, next_root);
        pool.discard_unreferenced();
        return true;
    }

    bool erase_inplace(const T& key) { return erase_one_inplace(key); }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset erase_all(const T& key) const {
        const int old_count = count(key);
        if (old_count == 0) return *this;
        auto [l, r] = split_nodes(root, key);
        auto [discarded, rest] = pop_min(r);
        assert(equal(pool[discarded].key, key));
        return make_version(merge_nodes(l, rest));
    }

    bool erase_all_inplace(const T& key) {
        if (!contains(key)) return false;
        *this = erase_all(key);
        return true;
    }

    bool contains(const T& key) const { return count(key) > 0; }
    int count(const T& key) const { return count_impl(root, key); }

    const T* find_by_order(int k) const {
        assert(0 <= k && k < size());
        return kth_impl(root, k);
    }

    T kth(int k) const { return *find_by_order(k); }
    int order_of_key(const T& key) const { return order_of_key_impl(root, key, false); }
    int count_less(const T& key) const { return order_of_key(key); }
    int count_less_equal(const T& key) const { return order_of_key_impl(root, key, true); }
    int count_greater(const T& key) const { return size() - count_less_equal(key); }
    int count_greater_equal(const T& key) const { return size() - count_less(key); }
    const T* lower_bound(const T& key) const { return lower_bound_impl(root, key, false); }
    const T* upper_bound(const T& key) const { return lower_bound_impl(root, key, true); }
    const T* min_ge(const T& key) const { return lower_bound(key); }
    const T* min_gt(const T& key) const { return upper_bound(key); }
    const T* max_le(const T& key) const { return max_less_impl(root, key, false); }
    const T* max_lt(const T& key) const { return max_less_impl(root, key, true); }
    const T* min() const { return empty() ? nullptr : &pool[pool[root].min_leaf].key; }
    const T* max() const { return empty() ? nullptr : &pool[pool[root].max_leaf].key; }

    std::pair<PersistentOrderedMultiset, PersistentOrderedMultiset> split(const T& key) const {
        auto [l, r] = split_nodes(root, key);
        PersistentOrderedMultiset left(l, comp);
        PersistentOrderedMultiset right(r, comp);
        pool.discard_unreferenced();
        return {std::move(left), std::move(right)};
    }

    PersistentOrderedMultiset merge(const PersistentOrderedMultiset& other) const {
        assert(empty() || other.empty() || comp(*max(), *other.min()));
        return make_version(merge_nodes(root, other.root));
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector() const {
        std::vector<T> result;
        result.reserve(size());
        dump_impl(root, result);
        return result;
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/bst/persistent_ordered_set.hpp"



#line 9 "ds/bst/persistent_ordered_set.hpp"

#line 11 "ds/bst/persistent_ordered_set.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

template <typename T, typename Compare = std::less<T>>
struct PersistentOrderedSet {
   private:
    using Multiset = PersistentOrderedMultiset<T, Compare>;

    Multiset data;

    explicit PersistentOrderedSet(Multiset multiset) : data(std::move(multiset)) {}

   public:
    explicit PersistentOrderedSet(Compare compare) : data(std::move(compare)) {}

    PersistentOrderedSet() : PersistentOrderedSet(Compare()) {}

    PersistentOrderedSet(std::initializer_list<T> init, Compare compare = Compare())
        : PersistentOrderedSet(std::move(compare)) {
        for (const T& x : init) *this = insert(x);
    }

    template <typename Iterator>
    PersistentOrderedSet(Iterator first, Iterator last, Compare compare = Compare())
        : PersistentOrderedSet(std::move(compare)) {
        while (first != last) {
            *this = insert(*first);
            ++first;
        }
    }

    int size() const {
        return data.size();
    }

    int unique_size() const {
        return data.size();
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return data.empty();
    }

    void release() {
        data.release();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const {
        return data.node_count();
    }

    PersistentOrderedSet clear() const {
        return PersistentOrderedSet(data.clear());
    }

    PersistentOrderedSet insert(T key) const {
        return PersistentOrderedSet(data.insert_unique(std::move(key)));
    }

    PersistentOrderedSet erase(const T& key) const {
        return PersistentOrderedSet(data.erase(key));
    }

    bool contains(const T& key) const {
        return data.contains(key);
    }

    int count(const T& key) const {
        return contains(key) ? 1 : 0;
    }

    const T* find_by_order(int k) const {
        return data.find_by_order(k);
    }

    T kth(int k) const {
        return data.kth(k);
    }

    int order_of_key(const T& key) const {
        return data.order_of_key(key);
    }

    int count_less(const T& key) const {
        return data.count_less(key);
    }

    int count_less_equal(const T& key) const {
        return data.count_less_equal(key);
    }

    int count_greater(const T& key) const {
        return data.count_greater(key);
    }

    int count_greater_equal(const T& key) const {
        return data.count_greater_equal(key);
    }

    const T* lower_bound(const T& key) const {
        return data.lower_bound(key);
    }

    const T* upper_bound(const T& key) const {
        return data.upper_bound(key);
    }

    const T* min_ge(const T& key) const {
        return data.min_ge(key);
    }

    const T* min_gt(const T& key) const {
        return data.min_gt(key);
    }

    const T* max_le(const T& key) const {
        return data.max_le(key);
    }

    const T* max_lt(const T& key) const {
        return data.max_lt(key);
    }

    const T* min() const {
        return data.min();
    }

    const T* max() const {
        return data.max();
    }

    std::pair<PersistentOrderedSet, PersistentOrderedSet> split(const T& key) const {
        auto [l, r] = data.split(key);
        return {PersistentOrderedSet(std::move(l)), PersistentOrderedSet(std::move(r))};
    }

    PersistentOrderedSet merge(const PersistentOrderedSet& other) const {
        return PersistentOrderedSet(data.merge(other.data));
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector() const {
        return data.to_vector();
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/deque/persistent_deque.hpp"



#line 6 "ds/deque/persistent_deque.hpp"
#include <cstdint>
#line 8 "ds/deque/persistent_deque.hpp"
#include <memory>
#line 12 "ds/deque/persistent_deque.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

// Okasaki's purely persistent real-time deque.
template <class T>
struct PersistentDeque {
   private:
    static constexpr int balance_factor = 2;

    enum class StreamKind : std::uint8_t {
        cons,
        take,
        rotate_drop,
        rotate_reverse,
    };

    // The three integer fields contain either an evaluated cons cell or the
    // arguments of one incremental stream operation.
    struct StreamNode {
        mutable StreamKind kind;
        mutable int first;
        mutable int second;
        mutable int third;

        StreamNode(
            StreamKind node_kind,
            int first_argument,
            int second_argument,
            int third_argument = -1
        )
            : kind(node_kind),
              first(first_argument),
              second(second_argument),
              third(third_argument) {}
    };

    struct Pool {
        std::deque<std::optional<T>> values;
        std::deque<std::optional<StreamNode>> streams;
        std::vector<int> value_references, stream_references;
        std::vector<int> next_free_value, next_free_stream;
        std::vector<int> unowned_values, unowned_streams;
        int first_free_value = -1;
        int first_free_stream = -1;
        std::size_t live_values = 0;
        std::size_t live_streams = 0;

        void retain_value(int value) {
            if (value != -1) ++value_references[value];
        }

        void release_value(int value) {
            if (value == -1) return;
            assert(values[value].has_value() && value_references[value] > 0);
            if (--value_references[value] != 0) return;
            values[value].reset();
            next_free_value[value] = first_free_value;
            first_free_value = value;
            --live_values;
        }

        void retain_stream(int stream) {
            if (stream != -1) ++stream_references[stream];
        }

        void retain_dependencies(const StreamNode& node) {
            if (node.kind == StreamKind::cons) {
                retain_value(node.first);
                retain_stream(node.second);
            } else if (node.kind == StreamKind::take) {
                retain_stream(node.first);
            } else if (node.kind == StreamKind::rotate_drop) {
                retain_stream(node.first);
                retain_stream(node.third);
            } else {
                retain_stream(node.first);
                retain_stream(node.second);
                retain_stream(node.third);
            }
        }

        void release_zero_stream(int stream) {
            std::vector<int> pending = {stream};
            while (!pending.empty()) {
                int current = pending.back();
                pending.pop_back();
                assert(streams[current].has_value() && stream_references[current] == 0);
                StreamNode node = *streams[current];
                streams[current].reset();
                next_free_stream[current] = first_free_stream;
                first_free_stream = current;
                --live_streams;

                auto release_child = [&](int child) {
                    if (child != -1 && --stream_references[child] == 0) pending.push_back(child);
                };
                if (node.kind == StreamKind::cons) {
                    release_value(node.first);
                    release_child(node.second);
                } else if (node.kind == StreamKind::take) {
                    release_child(node.first);
                } else if (node.kind == StreamKind::rotate_drop) {
                    release_child(node.first);
                    release_child(node.third);
                } else {
                    release_child(node.first);
                    release_child(node.second);
                    release_child(node.third);
                }
            }
        }

        void release_stream(int stream) {
            if (stream == -1) return;
            assert(streams[stream].has_value() && stream_references[stream] > 0);
            if (--stream_references[stream] == 0) release_zero_stream(stream);
        }

        template <class... Args>
        int store_value(Args&&... args) {
            int result;
            if (first_free_value == -1) {
                result = int(values.size());
                values.emplace_back(std::in_place, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
                value_references.push_back(0);
                next_free_value.push_back(-1);
            } else {
                result = first_free_value;
                first_free_value = next_free_value[result];
                values[result].emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
                value_references[result] = 0;
            }
            unowned_values.push_back(result);
            ++live_values;
            return result;
        }

        int make_stream(StreamKind kind, int first, int second, int third) {
            int result;
            if (first_free_stream == -1) {
                result = int(streams.size());
                streams.emplace_back(std::in_place, kind, first, second, third);
                stream_references.push_back(0);
                next_free_stream.push_back(-1);
            } else {
                result = first_free_stream;
                first_free_stream = next_free_stream[result];
                streams[result].emplace(kind, first, second, third);
                stream_references[result] = 0;
            }
            retain_dependencies(*streams[result]);
            unowned_streams.push_back(result);
            ++live_streams;
            return result;
        }

        void set_cons(int stream, int value, int tail) {
            retain_value(value);
            retain_stream(tail);
            StreamNode old = *streams[stream];
            if (old.kind == StreamKind::take) {
                release_stream(old.first);
            } else if (old.kind == StreamKind::rotate_drop) {
                release_stream(old.first);
                release_stream(old.third);
            } else if (old.kind == StreamKind::rotate_reverse) {
                release_stream(old.first);
                release_stream(old.second);
                release_stream(old.third);
            } else {
                release_value(old.first);
                release_stream(old.second);
            }
            StreamNode& node = *streams[stream];
            node.kind = StreamKind::cons;
            node.first = value;
            node.second = tail;
            node.third = -1;
        }

        void discard_unreferenced() {
            while (!unowned_streams.empty()) {
                int stream = unowned_streams.back();
                unowned_streams.pop_back();
                if (streams[stream].has_value() && stream_references[stream] == 0) release_zero_stream(stream);
            }
            while (!unowned_values.empty()) {
                int value = unowned_values.back();
                unowned_values.pop_back();
                if (values[value].has_value() && value_references[value] == 0) {
                    values[value].reset();
                    next_free_value[value] = first_free_value;
                    first_free_value = value;
                    --live_values;
                }
            }
        }

        std::size_t size() const { return live_values + live_streams; }
    };

    int _front_size;
    int _front;
    int _front_schedule;
    int _rear_size;
    int _rear;
    int _rear_schedule;
    std::shared_ptr<Pool> _pool;

    PersistentDeque(
        int front_size,
        int front,
        int front_schedule,
        int rear_size,
        int rear,
        int rear_schedule,
        std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool
    )
        : _front_size(front_size),
          _front(front),
          _front_schedule(front_schedule),
          _rear_size(rear_size),
          _rear(rear),
          _rear_schedule(rear_schedule),
          _pool(std::move(pool)) {
        retain_state();
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    void retain_state() const {
        _pool->retain_stream(_front);
        _pool->retain_stream(_front_schedule);
        _pool->retain_stream(_rear);
        _pool->retain_stream(_rear_schedule);
    }

    void release_state() const {
        _pool->release_stream(_front);
        _pool->release_stream(_front_schedule);
        _pool->release_stream(_rear);
        _pool->release_stream(_rear_schedule);
    }

    template <class... Args>
    int store_value(Args&&... args) const {
        return _pool->store_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

    int make_stream(
        StreamKind kind,
        int first,
        int second,
        int third = -1
    ) const {
        return _pool->make_stream(kind, first, second, third);
    }

    int make_cons(int value_index, int tail) const {
        return make_stream(StreamKind::cons, value_index, tail);
    }

    int make_take(int count, int stream) const {
        if (count == 0) return -1;
        assert(count > 0 && stream != -1);
        return make_stream(StreamKind::take, stream, count);
    }

    int make_rotate_drop(int rear, int count, int front) const {
        return make_stream(StreamKind::rotate_drop, rear, count, front);
    }

    int make_rotate_reverse(int rear, int front, int accumulator) const {
        return make_stream(
            StreamKind::rotate_reverse,
            rear,
            front,
            accumulator
        );
    }

    void set_cons(int stream, int value_index, int tail) const {
        _pool->set_cons(stream, value_index, tail);
    }

    int stream_head(int stream) const {
        assert(stream != -1);
        force(stream);
        return (*_pool->streams[stream]).first;
    }

    int stream_tail(int stream) const {
        assert(stream != -1);
        force(stream);
        return (*_pool->streams[stream]).second;
    }

    int drop(int stream, int count) const {
        assert(count >= 0);
        while (count > 0) {
            assert(stream != -1);
            stream = stream_tail(stream);
            count--;
        }
        return stream;
    }

    // Reverses a bounded prefix onto accumulator and returns the unconsumed
    // suffix together with the new accumulator.
    std::pair<int, int> reverse_prefix(
        int stream,
        int count,
        int accumulator
    ) const {
        while (count > 0 && stream != -1) {
            int value_index = stream_head(stream);
            stream = stream_tail(stream);
            accumulator = make_cons(value_index, accumulator);
            count--;
        }
        return {stream, accumulator};
    }

    void force(int stream) const {
        assert(stream != -1);
        StreamNode node = *_pool->streams[stream];
        if (node.kind == StreamKind::cons) return;

        if (node.kind == StreamKind::take) {
            int source = node.first;
            int count = node.second;
            assert(source != -1 && count > 0);
            int value_index = stream_head(source);
            int tail = make_take(count - 1, stream_tail(source));
            set_cons(stream, value_index, tail);
            return;
        }

        if (node.kind == StreamKind::rotate_drop) {
            int rear = node.first;
            int count = node.second;
            int front = node.third;
            if (count < balance_factor || rear == -1) {
                assert(count <= balance_factor || rear != -1);
                int result = make_rotate_reverse(
                    rear,
                    drop(front, count),
                    -1
                );
                set_cons(stream, stream_head(result), stream_tail(result));
                return;
            }
            assert(rear != -1);
            int value_index = stream_head(rear);
            int tail = make_rotate_drop(
                stream_tail(rear),
                count - balance_factor,
                drop(front, balance_factor)
            );
            set_cons(stream, value_index, tail);
            return;
        }

        assert(node.kind == StreamKind::rotate_reverse);
        int rear = node.first;
        int front = node.second;
        int accumulator = node.third;
        if (rear == -1) {
            auto [remaining, result] = reverse_prefix(
                front,
                balance_factor + 1,
                accumulator
            );
            assert(remaining == -1 && result != -1);
            set_cons(stream, stream_head(result), stream_tail(result));
            return;
        }

        int value_index = stream_head(rear);
        auto [remaining, next_accumulator] = reverse_prefix(
            front,
            balance_factor,
            accumulator
        );
        int tail = make_rotate_reverse(
            stream_tail(rear),
            remaining,
            next_accumulator
        );
        set_cons(stream, value_index, tail);
    }

    int execute_once(int schedule) const {
        return schedule == -1 ? -1 : stream_tail(schedule);
    }

    int execute_twice(int schedule) const {
        return execute_once(execute_once(schedule));
    }

    PersistentDeque check(
        int front_size,
        int front,
        int front_schedule,
        int rear_size,
        int rear,
        int rear_schedule
    ) const {
        if (front_size > balance_factor * rear_size + 1) {
            int next_front_size = (front_size + rear_size) / 2;
            int next_rear_size = front_size + rear_size - next_front_size;
            int next_front = make_take(next_front_size, front);
            int next_rear = make_rotate_drop(
                rear,
                next_front_size,
                front
            );
            return PersistentDeque(
                next_front_size,
                next_front,
                next_front,
                next_rear_size,
                next_rear,
                next_rear,
                _pool
            );
        }

        if (rear_size > balance_factor * front_size + 1) {
            int next_front_size = (front_size + rear_size) / 2;
            int next_rear_size = front_size + rear_size - next_front_size;
            int next_front = make_rotate_drop(
                front,
                next_rear_size,
                rear
            );
            int next_rear = make_take(next_rear_size, rear);
            return PersistentDeque(
                next_front_size,
                next_front,
                next_front,
                next_rear_size,
                next_rear,
                next_rear,
                _pool
            );
        }

        return PersistentDeque(
            front_size,
            front,
            front_schedule,
            rear_size,
            rear,
            rear_schedule,
            _pool
        );
    }

   public:
    PersistentDeque()
        : _front_size(0),
          _front(-1),
          _front_schedule(-1),
          _rear_size(0),
          _rear(-1),
          _rear_schedule(-1),
          _pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {}

    PersistentDeque(const PersistentDeque& other)
        : _front_size(other._front_size),
          _front(other._front),
          _front_schedule(other._front_schedule),
          _rear_size(other._rear_size),
          _rear(other._rear),
          _rear_schedule(other._rear_schedule),
          _pool(other._pool) {
        if (_pool) retain_state();
    }

    PersistentDeque(PersistentDeque&& other) noexcept
        : _front_size(other._front_size),
          _front(other._front),
          _front_schedule(other._front_schedule),
          _rear_size(other._rear_size),
          _rear(other._rear),
          _rear_schedule(other._rear_schedule),
          _pool(std::move(other._pool)) {
        other._front_size = other._rear_size = 0;
        other._front = other._front_schedule = other._rear = other._rear_schedule = -1;
    }

    PersistentDeque& operator=(const PersistentDeque& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other._pool) other.retain_state();
        if (_pool) release_state();
        _front_size = other._front_size;
        _front = other._front;
        _front_schedule = other._front_schedule;
        _rear_size = other._rear_size;
        _rear = other._rear;
        _rear_schedule = other._rear_schedule;
        _pool = other._pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentDeque& operator=(PersistentDeque&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (_pool) release_state();
        _front_size = other._front_size;
        _front = other._front;
        _front_schedule = other._front_schedule;
        _rear_size = other._rear_size;
        _rear = other._rear;
        _rear_schedule = other._rear_schedule;
        _pool = std::move(other._pool);
        other._front_size = other._rear_size = 0;
        other._front = other._front_schedule = other._rear = other._rear_schedule = -1;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentDeque() {
        if (_pool) release_state();
    }

    int size() const {
        return _front_size + _rear_size;
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (_pool) release_state();
        _front_size = _rear_size = 0;
        _front = _front_schedule = _rear = _rear_schedule = -1;
        _pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return _pool ? _pool->size() : 0; }

    const T& front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        int stream = _front == -1 ? _rear : _front;
        int value = stream_head(stream);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return *_pool->values[value];
    }

    const T& back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        int stream = _rear == -1 ? _front : _rear;
        int value = stream_head(stream);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return *_pool->values[value];
    }

    PersistentDeque push_front(T value) const {
        return emplace_front(std::move(value));
    }

    template <class... Args>
    PersistentDeque emplace_front(Args&&... args) const {
        int value_index = store_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        return check(
            _front_size + 1,
            make_cons(value_index, _front),
            execute_once(_front_schedule),
            _rear_size,
            _rear,
            execute_once(_rear_schedule)
        );
    }

    PersistentDeque push_back(T value) const {
        return emplace_back(std::move(value));
    }

    template <class... Args>
    PersistentDeque emplace_back(Args&&... args) const {
        int value_index = store_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        return check(
            _front_size,
            _front,
            execute_once(_front_schedule),
            _rear_size + 1,
            make_cons(value_index, _rear),
            execute_once(_rear_schedule)
        );
    }

    PersistentDeque pop_front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        if (size() == 1) return clear();
        assert(_front != -1);
        return check(
            _front_size - 1,
            stream_tail(_front),
            execute_twice(_front_schedule),
            _rear_size,
            _rear,
            execute_twice(_rear_schedule)
        );
    }

    PersistentDeque pop_back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        if (size() == 1) return clear();
        assert(_rear != -1);
        return check(
            _front_size,
            _front,
            execute_twice(_front_schedule),
            _rear_size - 1,
            stream_tail(_rear),
            execute_twice(_rear_schedule)
        );
    }

    PersistentDeque clear() const {
        return PersistentDeque(0, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1, _pool);
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/dsu/partially_persistent_dsu.hpp"



#include <algorithm>
#line 9 "ds/dsu/partially_persistent_dsu.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

struct PartiallyPersistentDsu {
   private:
    static constexpr int never = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();

    int _n;
    int _time;
    std::vector<int> parent;
    std::vector<int> parent_time;
    std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>> size_history;

    static int check_size(int n) {
        assert(0 <= n);
        return n;
    }

    void check_time(int t) const {
        assert(0 <= t && t <= _time);
    }

   public:
    PartiallyPersistentDsu() : PartiallyPersistentDsu(0) {}

    explicit PartiallyPersistentDsu(int n)
        : _n(check_size(n)), _time(0), parent(_n, -1), parent_time(_n, never), size_history(_n) {
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) size_history[i].emplace_back(0, 1);
    }

    int size() const {
        return _n;
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return _n == 0;
    }

    // Releases the complete history and resets this object to an empty DSU.
    void release() {
        _n = 0;
        _time = 0;
        std::vector<int>().swap(parent);
        std::vector<int>().swap(parent_time);
        std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>().swap(size_history);
    }

    int time() const {
        return _time;
    }

    int leader(int t, int a) const {
        check_time(t);
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        while (parent_time[a] <= t) a = parent[a];
        return a;
    }

    int leader(int a) const {
        return leader(_time, a);
    }

    bool same(int t, int a, int b) const {
        check_time(t);
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        return leader(t, a) == leader(t, b);
    }

    bool same(int a, int b) const {
        return same(_time, a, b);
    }

    int group_size(int t, int a) const {
        int r = leader(t, a);
        const auto& h = size_history[r];
        auto it = std::upper_bound(h.begin(), h.end(), std::pair<int, int>(t, never));
        --it;
        return it->second;
    }

    int group_size(int a) const {
        return -parent[leader(a)];
    }

    int size(int t, int a) const {
        return group_size(t, a);
    }

    int size(int a) const {
        return group_size(a);
    }

    bool merge(int a, int b) {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        ++_time;
        int x = leader(a), y = leader(b);
        if (x == y) return false;
        if (-parent[x] < -parent[y]) {
            std::swap(x, y);
        }
        parent[x] += parent[y];
        parent[y] = x;
        parent_time[y] = _time;
        size_history[x].emplace_back(_time, -parent[x]);
        return true;
    }

    std::vector<std::vector<int>> groups(int t) const {
        check_time(t);
        std::vector<int> leader_buf(_n), group_size(_n);
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            leader_buf[i] = leader(t, i);
            group_size[leader_buf[i]]++;
        }
        std::vector<std::vector<int>> result(_n);
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            result[i].reserve(group_size[i]);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            result[leader_buf[i]].push_back(i);
        }
        result.erase(std::remove_if(result.begin(), result.end(), [&](const std::vector<int>& v) { return v.empty(); }),
                     result.end());
        return result;
    }

    std::vector<std::vector<int>> groups() const {
        return groups(_time);
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/dsu/persistent_dsu.hpp"



#line 10 "ds/dsu/persistent_dsu.hpp"

#line 12 "ds/dsu/persistent_dsu.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

struct PersistentDsu {
   private:
    struct Node {
        int val;
        int l, r;

        Node() : val(0), l(0), r(0) {}
        explicit Node(int value) : val(value), l(0), r(0) {}
        Node(int value, int left, int right) : val(value), l(left), r(right) {}
    };

    int _n;
    int _root;
    using Pool = detail::PersistentBinaryNodePool<Node, 0>;

    std::shared_ptr<Pool> _pool;

    explicit PersistentDsu(int n, int root, std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool)
        : _n(n), _root(root), _pool(std::move(pool)) {
        _pool->retain(_root);
    }

    int new_node(const Node& node) const {
        return _pool->emplace(node);
    }

    int new_node(Node&& node) const {
        return _pool->emplace(std::move(node));
    }

    int build(int l, int r) const {
        if (l == r) return 0;
        if (r - l == 1) return new_node(Node(-1));
        int m = (l + r) >> 1;
        int left = build(l, m);
        int right = build(m, r);
        return new_node(Node(0, left, right));
    }

    int set_node(int t, int l, int r, int p, int value, bool copy_on_write = false) const {
        if (copy_on_write) t = _pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        if (r - l == 1) {
            if (copy_on_write) {
                (*_pool)[t].val = value;
                return t;
            }
            return new_node(Node(value));
        }
        int m = (l + r) >> 1;
        int left = (*_pool)[t].l;
        int right = (*_pool)[t].r;
        if (p < m) {
            left = set_node(left, l, m, p, value, copy_on_write);
        } else {
            right = set_node(right, m, r, p, value, copy_on_write);
        }
        if (copy_on_write) {
            _pool->replace((*_pool)[t].l, left);
            _pool->replace((*_pool)[t].r, right);
            return t;
        }
        return new_node(Node(0, left, right));
    }

    PersistentDsu make_version(int root) const {
        PersistentDsu result(_n, root, _pool);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return result;
    }

    int get_node(int t, int l, int r, int p) const {
        while (r - l > 1) {
            int m = (l + r) >> 1;
            if (p < m) {
                t = (*_pool)[t].l;
                r = m;
            } else {
                t = (*_pool)[t].r;
                l = m;
            }
        }
        return (*_pool)[t].val;
    }

   public:
    PersistentDsu() : PersistentDsu(0) {}

    explicit PersistentDsu(int n) : _n(n), _root(0), _pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {
        assert(0 <= n);
        _pool->reserve(n * 2 + 1);
        if (_n > 0) _root = build(0, _n);
        _pool->retain(_root);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDsu(const PersistentDsu& other) : _n(other._n), _root(other._root), _pool(other._pool) {
        if (_pool) _pool->retain(_root);
    }

    PersistentDsu(PersistentDsu&& other) noexcept
        : _n(other._n), _root(other._root), _pool(std::move(other._pool)) {
        other._n = 0;
        other._root = 0;
    }

    PersistentDsu& operator=(const PersistentDsu& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other._pool) other._pool->retain(other._root);
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
        _n = other._n;
        _root = other._root;
        _pool = other._pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentDsu& operator=(PersistentDsu&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
        _n = other._n;
        _root = other._root;
        _pool = std::move(other._pool);
        other._n = 0;
        other._root = 0;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentDsu() {
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
    }

    int size() const {
        return _n;
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return _n == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
        _n = 0;
        _root = 0;
        _pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return _pool ? _pool->size() : 0; }

    int leader(int a) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        int x = a;
        int p = get(x);
        while (p >= 0) {
            x = p;
            p = get(x);
        }
        return x;
    }

    bool same(int a, int b) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        return leader(a) == leader(b);
    }

    int group_size(int a) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        return -get(leader(a));
    }

    int size(int a) const {
        return group_size(a);
    }

    int get(int p) const {
        assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
        return get_node(_root, 0, _n, p);
    }

    PersistentDsu merge(int a, int b) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        int x = leader(a), y = leader(b);
        if (x == y) return *this;
        int sx = -get(x), sy = -get(y);
        if (sx < sy) {
            std::swap(x, y);
            std::swap(sx, sy);
        }
        int root = set_node(_root, 0, _n, x, -(sx + sy));
        root = set_node(root, 0, _n, y, x);
        return make_version(root);
    }

    bool merge_inplace(int a, int b) {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        int x = leader(a), y = leader(b);
        if (x == y) return false;
        int sx = -get(x), sy = -get(y);
        if (sx < sy) {
            std::swap(x, y);
            std::swap(sx, sy);
        }
        int root = set_node(_root, 0, _n, x, -(sx + sy), true);
        _pool->replace(_root, root);
        root = set_node(_root, 0, _n, y, x, true);
        _pool->replace(_root, root);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return true;
    }

    std::vector<std::vector<int>> groups() const {
        std::vector<int> leader_buf(_n), group_size(_n);
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            leader_buf[i] = leader(i);
            group_size[leader_buf[i]]++;
        }
        std::vector<std::vector<int>> result(_n);
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            result[i].reserve(group_size[i]);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            result[leader_buf[i]].push_back(i);
        }
        result.erase(std::remove_if(result.begin(), result.end(), [&](const std::vector<int>& v) { return v.empty(); }),
                     result.end());
        return result;
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/dsu/persistent_potentialized_dsu.hpp"



#line 6 "ds/dsu/persistent_potentialized_dsu.hpp"
#include <concepts>
#line 11 "ds/dsu/persistent_potentialized_dsu.hpp"

#line 1 "monoid/concept.hpp"



#line 5 "monoid/concept.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace monoid {

// Concept to check if a type satisfies the requirements of a Monoid.
// A Monoid must have a `value_type`, an identity element `id()`, and an associative binary operation `op()`.
template <typename M>
concept IsMonoid = requires(typename M::value_type a, typename M::value_type b) {
    // 1. Must define `value_type`
    typename M::value_type;

    // 2. Must have a static method `id()` returning `value_type`
    { M::id() } -> std::same_as<typename M::value_type>;

    // 3. Must have a static method `op(a, b)` returning `value_type`
    { M::op(a, b) } -> std::same_as<typename M::value_type>;
};

// Concept for groups. A type satisfying this concept must also obey the group
// laws; concepts can check the interface but not the algebraic properties.
template <typename M>
concept IsGroup = IsMonoid<M> && requires(typename M::value_type a) {
    { M::inv(a) } -> std::same_as<typename M::value_type>;
};

// Concept for commutative groups. Commutativity is a semantic requirement and
// cannot be checked by a C++ concept.
template <typename M>
concept IsCommutativeGroup = IsGroup<M>;

}  // namespace monoid
}  // namespace m1une


#line 14 "ds/dsu/persistent_potentialized_dsu.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

template <m1une::monoid::IsGroup Group>
    requires std::equality_comparable<typename Group::value_type>
struct PersistentPotentializedDsu {
    using T = typename Group::value_type;

    struct Value {
        int parent_or_size;
        T diff_to_parent;

        Value() : parent_or_size(0), diff_to_parent(Group::id()) {}
        Value(int parent_or_size_, const T& diff_to_parent_)
            : parent_or_size(parent_or_size_), diff_to_parent(diff_to_parent_) {}
        Value(int parent_or_size_, T&& diff_to_parent_)
            : parent_or_size(parent_or_size_), diff_to_parent(std::move(diff_to_parent_)) {}
    };

   private:
    struct Node {
        Value val;
        int l, r;

        Node() : val(), l(0), r(0) {}
        explicit Node(const Value& value) : val(value), l(0), r(0) {}
        explicit Node(Value&& value) : val(std::move(value)), l(0), r(0) {}
        Node(const Value& value, int left, int right) : val(value), l(left), r(right) {}
        Node(Value&& value, int left, int right) : val(std::move(value)), l(left), r(right) {}
    };

    int _n;
    int _root;
    using Pool = detail::PersistentBinaryNodePool<Node, 0>;

    std::shared_ptr<Pool> _pool;

    explicit PersistentPotentializedDsu(int n, int root, std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool)
        : _n(n), _root(root), _pool(std::move(pool)) {
        _pool->retain(_root);
    }

    int new_node(const Node& node) const {
        return _pool->emplace(node);
    }

    int new_node(Node&& node) const {
        return _pool->emplace(std::move(node));
    }

    int build(int l, int r) const {
        if (l == r) return 0;
        if (r - l == 1) return new_node(Node(Value(-1, Group::id())));
        int m = (l + r) >> 1;
        int left = build(l, m);
        int right = build(m, r);
        return new_node(Node(Value(), left, right));
    }

    int set_node(int t, int l, int r, int p, Value value, bool copy_on_write = false) const {
        if (copy_on_write) t = _pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        if (r - l == 1) {
            if (copy_on_write) {
                (*_pool)[t].val = std::move(value);
                return t;
            }
            return new_node(Node(std::move(value)));
        }
        int m = (l + r) >> 1;
        int left = (*_pool)[t].l;
        int right = (*_pool)[t].r;
        if (p < m) {
            left = set_node(left, l, m, p, std::move(value), copy_on_write);
        } else {
            right = set_node(right, m, r, p, std::move(value), copy_on_write);
        }
        if (copy_on_write) {
            _pool->replace((*_pool)[t].l, left);
            _pool->replace((*_pool)[t].r, right);
            return t;
        }
        return new_node(Node(Value(), left, right));
    }

    Value get_value(int t, int l, int r, int p) const {
        while (r - l > 1) {
            int m = (l + r) >> 1;
            if (p < m) {
                t = (*_pool)[t].l;
                r = m;
            } else {
                t = (*_pool)[t].r;
                l = m;
            }
        }
        return (*_pool)[t].val;
    }

    std::pair<int, T> leader_and_potential(int a) const {
        T res = Group::id();
        while (true) {
            Value cur = get(a);
            if (cur.parent_or_size < 0) return {a, res};
            res = Group::op(cur.diff_to_parent, res);
            a = cur.parent_or_size;
        }
    }

    PersistentPotentializedDsu make_version(int root) const {
        PersistentPotentializedDsu result(_n, root, _pool);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return result;
    }

   public:
    PersistentPotentializedDsu() : PersistentPotentializedDsu(0) {}

    explicit PersistentPotentializedDsu(int n) : _n(n), _root(0), _pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {
        assert(0 <= n);
        _pool->reserve(n * 4 + 1);
        if (_n > 0) _root = build(0, _n);
        _pool->retain(_root);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentPotentializedDsu(const PersistentPotentializedDsu& other)
        : _n(other._n), _root(other._root), _pool(other._pool) {
        if (_pool) _pool->retain(_root);
    }

    PersistentPotentializedDsu(PersistentPotentializedDsu&& other) noexcept
        : _n(other._n), _root(other._root), _pool(std::move(other._pool)) {
        other._n = 0;
        other._root = 0;
    }

    PersistentPotentializedDsu& operator=(const PersistentPotentializedDsu& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other._pool) other._pool->retain(other._root);
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
        _n = other._n;
        _root = other._root;
        _pool = other._pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentPotentializedDsu& operator=(PersistentPotentializedDsu&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
        _n = other._n;
        _root = other._root;
        _pool = std::move(other._pool);
        other._n = 0;
        other._root = 0;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentPotentializedDsu() {
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
    }

    int size() const {
        return _n;
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return _n == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_root);
        _n = 0;
        _root = 0;
        _pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return _pool ? _pool->size() : 0; }

    int leader(int a) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        return leader_and_potential(a).first;
    }

    bool same(int a, int b) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        return leader(a) == leader(b);
    }

    int group_size(int a) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        return -get(leader(a)).parent_or_size;
    }

    int size(int a) const {
        return group_size(a);
    }

    T potential(int a) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        return leader_and_potential(a).second;
    }

    T diff(int a, int b) const {
        assert(same(a, b));
        return Group::op(Group::inv(potential(a)), potential(b));
    }

    Value get(int p) const {
        assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
        return get_value(_root, 0, _n, p);
    }

    int parent_or_size(int p) const {
        return get(p).parent_or_size;
    }

    std::pair<PersistentPotentializedDsu, bool> merge(int a, int b, const T& w) const {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        auto [x, pa] = leader_and_potential(a);
        auto [y, pb] = leader_and_potential(b);
        if (x == y) return {*this, Group::op(Group::inv(pa), pb) == w};

        int sx = -get(x).parent_or_size;
        int sy = -get(y).parent_or_size;
        T y_from_x = Group::op(Group::op(pa, w), Group::inv(pb));
        if (sx < sy) {
            std::swap(x, y);
            std::swap(sx, sy);
            y_from_x = Group::inv(y_from_x);
        }
        int root = set_node(_root, 0, _n, x, Value(-(sx + sy), Group::id()));
        root = set_node(root, 0, _n, y, Value(x, std::move(y_from_x)));
        return {make_version(root), true};
    }

    bool merge_inplace(int a, int b, const T& w) {
        assert(0 <= a && a < _n);
        assert(0 <= b && b < _n);
        auto [x, pa] = leader_and_potential(a);
        auto [y, pb] = leader_and_potential(b);
        if (x == y) return Group::op(Group::inv(pa), pb) == w;

        int sx = -get(x).parent_or_size;
        int sy = -get(y).parent_or_size;
        T y_from_x = Group::op(Group::op(pa, w), Group::inv(pb));
        if (sx < sy) {
            std::swap(x, y);
            std::swap(sx, sy);
            y_from_x = Group::inv(y_from_x);
        }
        int root = set_node(_root, 0, _n, x, Value(-(sx + sy), Group::id()), true);
        _pool->replace(_root, root);
        root = set_node(_root, 0, _n, y, Value(x, std::move(y_from_x)), true);
        _pool->replace(_root, root);
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return true;
    }

    std::vector<std::vector<int>> groups() const {
        std::vector<int> leader_buf(_n), group_size(_n);
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            leader_buf[i] = leader(i);
            group_size[leader_buf[i]]++;
        }
        std::vector<std::vector<int>> result(_n);
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            result[i].reserve(group_size[i]);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) {
            result[leader_buf[i]].push_back(i);
        }
        result.erase(std::remove_if(result.begin(), result.end(), [&](const std::vector<int>& v) { return v.empty(); }),
                     result.end());
        return result;
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_array.hpp"



#line 5 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_array.hpp"
#include <chrono>
#line 13 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_array.hpp"

#line 15 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_array.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

template <typename T>
struct PersistentDynamicArray {
   private:
    struct Node {
        T val;
        int priority;
        int count;
        int l, r;
        bool rev;

        Node(T value, int node_priority, int node_count, int left, int right, bool reversed)
            : val(std::move(value)),
              priority(node_priority),
              count(node_count),
              l(left),
              r(right),
              rev(reversed) {}
    };

    struct BuildNode {
        T val;
        int priority;
        int l, r;

        BuildNode(T value, int node_priority) : val(std::move(value)), priority(node_priority), l(-1), r(-1) {}
    };

    int root;
    std::uint32_t rng_state;
    using Pool = detail::PersistentBinaryNodePool<Node>;

    std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool;

    int subtree_size(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? 0 : (*pool)[t].count;
    }

    static std::uint32_t next_state(std::uint32_t state) {
        state ^= state << 13;
        state ^= state >> 17;
        state ^= state << 5;
        return state == 0 ? 1 : state;
    }

    static int next_priority(std::uint32_t& state) {
        state = next_state(state);
        return int(state);
    }

    int make_node(T val, int priority, bool rev, int l, int r) const {
        int count = 1 + subtree_size(l) + subtree_size(r);
        return pool->emplace(std::move(val), priority, count, l, r, rev);
    }

    int reversed_node(int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        return make_node(node.val, node.priority, !node.rev, node.l, node.r);
    }

    int push(int t) const {
        if (t == -1 || !(*pool)[t].rev) return t;
        Node node = (*pool)[t];
        int l = reversed_node(node.r);
        int r = reversed_node(node.l);
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, l, r);
    }

    int merge(int l, int r) const {
        if (l == -1 || r == -1) return l == -1 ? r : l;
        if ((*pool)[l].priority > (*pool)[r].priority) {
            Node node = (*pool)[push(l)];
            int right = merge(node.r, r);
            return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, right);
        }
        Node node = (*pool)[push(r)];
        int left = merge(l, node.l);
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, left, node.r);
    }

    std::pair<int, int> split_node(int t, int pos) const {
        if (t == -1) return {-1, -1};
        Node node = (*pool)[push(t)];
        int left_count = subtree_size(node.l);
        if (pos <= left_count) {
            auto [a, b] = split_node(node.l, pos);
            return {a, make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, b, node.r)};
        }
        auto [a, b] = split_node(node.r, pos - left_count - 1);
        return {make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, a), b};
    }

    int set_node(int t, int pos, T val) const {
        Node node = (*pool)[push(t)];
        int left_count = subtree_size(node.l);
        if (pos < left_count) {
            int l = set_node(node.l, pos, std::move(val));
            return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, l, node.r);
        }
        if (pos == left_count) {
            return make_node(std::move(val), node.priority, false, node.l, node.r);
        }
        int r = set_node(node.r, pos - left_count - 1, std::move(val));
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, r);
    }

    int set_node_inplace(int t, int pos, T val, bool inherited_reversed = false) const {
        t = pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        const bool reversed = inherited_reversed ^ (*pool)[t].rev;
        const int logical_left = reversed ? (*pool)[t].r : (*pool)[t].l;
        const int left_count = subtree_size(logical_left);
        if (pos < left_count) {
            int child = set_node_inplace(logical_left, pos, std::move(val), reversed);
            if (reversed) {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, child);
            } else {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, child);
            }
        } else if (pos == left_count) {
            (*pool)[t].val = std::move(val);
        } else {
            const int logical_right = reversed ? (*pool)[t].l : (*pool)[t].r;
            int child = set_node_inplace(logical_right, pos - left_count - 1, std::move(val), reversed);
            if (reversed) {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, child);
            } else {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, child);
            }
        }
        return t;
    }

    int find_node(int t, int pos) const {
        bool reversed = false;
        while (t != -1) {
            const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
            bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
            int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
            int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
            int left_count = subtree_size(l);
            if (pos < left_count) {
                t = l;
                reversed = cur_reversed;
            } else if (pos == left_count) {
                return t;
            } else {
                pos -= left_count + 1;
                t = r;
                reversed = cur_reversed;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    void dump_dfs(int t, std::vector<T>& res, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1) return;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        dump_dfs(l, res, cur_reversed);
        res.push_back(node.val);
        dump_dfs(r, res, cur_reversed);
    }

    void dump_range_dfs(int t, int ql, int qr, int offset, std::vector<T>& res, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1 || qr <= offset || offset + (*pool)[t].count <= ql) return;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        int left_count = subtree_size(l);
        int node_pos = offset + left_count;
        dump_range_dfs(l, ql, qr, offset, res, cur_reversed);
        if (ql <= node_pos && node_pos < qr) res.push_back(node.val);
        dump_range_dfs(r, ql, qr, node_pos + 1, res, cur_reversed);
    }

    int build_from_nodes(std::vector<BuildNode>& nodes, int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        int l = build_from_nodes(nodes, nodes[t].l);
        int r = build_from_nodes(nodes, nodes[t].r);
        return make_node(std::move(nodes[t].val), nodes[t].priority, false, l, r);
    }

    int build_cartesian(std::vector<BuildNode>& nodes) const {
        if (nodes.empty()) return -1;
        std::vector<int> stack;
        stack.reserve(nodes.size());
        for (int i = 0; i < int(nodes.size()); i++) {
            int left_child = -1;
            while (!stack.empty() && nodes[stack.back()].priority < nodes[i].priority) {
                left_child = stack.back();
                stack.pop_back();
            }
            nodes[i].l = left_child;
            if (!stack.empty()) nodes[stack.back()].r = i;
            stack.push_back(i);
        }
        return build_from_nodes(nodes, stack.front());
    }

    int build_from_vector(const std::vector<T>& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (const T& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(x, next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    int build_from_vector(std::vector<T>&& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (T& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(std::move(x), next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    int import_node(const PersistentDynamicArray& other, int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        if (pool == other.pool) return t;
        const Node& node = (*other.pool)[t];
        int l = import_node(other, node.l);
        int r = import_node(other, node.r);
        return make_node(node.val, node.priority, node.rev, l, r);
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicArray(int node, std::uint32_t state, std::shared_ptr<Pool> node_pool)
        : root(node), rng_state(state), pool(std::move(node_pool)) {
        pool->retain(root);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray make_version(int node, std::uint32_t state) const {
        PersistentDynamicArray result(node, state, pool);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return result;
    }

   public:
    PersistentDynamicArray()
        : root(-1),
          rng_state(std::uint32_t(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count())),
          pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {
        if (rng_state == 0) rng_state = 1;
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicArray(int n) : PersistentDynamicArray(n, T()) {}

    PersistentDynamicArray(int n, const T& value) : PersistentDynamicArray() {
        assert(0 <= n);
        std::vector<T> v(n, value);
        root = build_from_vector(std::move(v), rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicArray(const std::vector<T>& v) : PersistentDynamicArray() {
        root = build_from_vector(v, rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicArray(std::vector<T>&& v) : PersistentDynamicArray() {
        root = build_from_vector(std::move(v), rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray(std::initializer_list<T> init) : PersistentDynamicArray(std::vector<T>(init)) {}

    PersistentDynamicArray(const PersistentDynamicArray& other)
        : root(other.root), rng_state(other.rng_state), pool(other.pool) {
        if (pool) pool->retain(root);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray(PersistentDynamicArray&& other) noexcept
        : root(other.root), rng_state(other.rng_state), pool(std::move(other.pool)) {
        other.root = -1;
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray& operator=(const PersistentDynamicArray& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other.pool) other.pool->retain(other.root);
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = other.root;
        rng_state = other.rng_state;
        pool = other.pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray& operator=(PersistentDynamicArray&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = other.root;
        rng_state = other.rng_state;
        pool = std::move(other.pool);
        other.root = -1;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentDynamicArray() {
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
    }

    int size() const {
        return subtree_size(root);
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = -1;
        pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return pool ? pool->size() : 0; }

    PersistentDynamicArray clear() const {
        return make_version(-1, rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray insert(int pos, T val) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        std::uint32_t next = next_state(rng_state);
        int node = make_node(std::move(val), int(next), false, -1, -1);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, node), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray insert(int pos, const std::vector<T>& v) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (v.empty()) return *this;
        std::uint32_t next = rng_state;
        int mid = build_from_vector(v, next);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray insert(int pos, std::vector<T>&& v) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (v.empty()) return *this;
        std::uint32_t next = rng_state;
        int mid = build_from_vector(std::move(v), next);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray insert(int pos, std::initializer_list<T> init) const {
        return insert(pos, std::vector<T>(init));
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray insert(int pos, const PersistentDynamicArray& other) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (other.empty()) return *this;
        int mid = import_node(other, other.root);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray push_back(T val) const {
        return insert(size(), std::move(val));
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray push_front(T val) const {
        return insert(0, std::move(val));
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray append(const std::vector<T>& v) const {
        return insert(size(), v);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray append(std::vector<T>&& v) const {
        return insert(size(), std::move(v));
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray append(const PersistentDynamicArray& other) const {
        return insert(size(), other);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray erase(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, pos);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, 1);
        (void)mid;
        return make_version(merge(a, c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray erase(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        (void)mid;
        return make_version(merge(a, c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray pop_back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return erase(size() - 1);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray pop_front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return erase(0);
    }

    const T& at(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return (*pool)[find_node(root, pos)].val;
    }

    const T& operator[](int pos) const {
        return at(pos);
    }

    const T& front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return at(0);
    }

    const T& back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return at(size() - 1);
    }

    T get(int pos) const {
        return at(pos);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray set(int pos, T val) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return make_version(set_node(root, pos, std::move(val)), rng_state);
    }

    void set_inplace(int pos, T val) {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        int next_root = set_node_inplace(root, pos, std::move(val));
        pool->replace(root, next_root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray reverse(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, reversed_node(mid)), c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray reverse() const {
        return make_version(reversed_node(root), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray rotate(int l, int m, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= m && m <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == m || m == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [c, d] = split_node(b, m - l);
        auto [e, f] = split_node(d, r - m);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, e), merge(c, f)), rng_state);
    }

    std::pair<PersistentDynamicArray, PersistentDynamicArray> split(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        PersistentDynamicArray left(l, rng_state, pool);
        PersistentDynamicArray right(r, rng_state, pool);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return {std::move(left), std::move(right)};
    }

    PersistentDynamicArray split_off(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        return make_version(split_node(root, pos).second, rng_state);
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector() const {
        std::vector<T> res;
        res.reserve(size());
        dump_dfs(root, res);
        return res;
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        std::vector<T> res;
        res.reserve(r - l);
        dump_range_dfs(root, l, r, 0, res);
        return res;
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_lazy_monoid_array.hpp"



#line 13 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_lazy_monoid_array.hpp"

#line 1 "acted_monoid/concept.hpp"



#line 5 "acted_monoid/concept.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace acted_monoid {

// Concept defining the requirements for an Acted Monoid.
template <typename AM>
concept IsActedMonoid = requires(typename AM::value_type a, typename AM::value_type b, typename AM::operator_type f,
                                 typename AM::operator_type g) {
    // 1. Value Monoid
    typename AM::value_type;
    { AM::id() } -> std::same_as<typename AM::value_type>;
    { AM::op(a, b) } -> std::same_as<typename AM::value_type>;

    // 2. Operator Monoid
    typename AM::operator_type;
    { AM::op_id() } -> std::same_as<typename AM::operator_type>;
    { AM::op_comp(f, g) } -> std::same_as<typename AM::operator_type>;  // Composition order: f(g(x))

    // 3. Mapping: Operator x Value -> Value
    { AM::mapping(f, a) } -> std::same_as<typename AM::value_type>;
};

// Concept for acted monoids whose value monoid is a commutative group.
// The value operation must obey commutativity and inverse laws.
template <typename AM>
concept IsCommutativeActedGroup = IsActedMonoid<AM> && requires(typename AM::value_type a) {
    { AM::inv(a) } -> std::same_as<typename AM::value_type>;
};

}  // namespace acted_monoid
}  // namespace m1une


#line 16 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_lazy_monoid_array.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

template <m1une::acted_monoid::IsActedMonoid ActedMonoid>
struct PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray {
    using T = typename ActedMonoid::value_type;
    using F = typename ActedMonoid::operator_type;

   private:
    struct Node {
        T val, prod, rprod;
        F lazy;
        int priority;
        int count;
        int l, r;
        bool rev;
        bool has_lazy;

        Node(T value, T product, T reverse_product, F lazy_value, int node_priority, int node_count, int left,
             int right, bool reversed, bool lazy_flag)
            : val(std::move(value)),
              prod(std::move(product)),
              rprod(std::move(reverse_product)),
              lazy(std::move(lazy_value)),
              priority(node_priority),
              count(node_count),
              l(left),
              r(right),
              rev(reversed),
              has_lazy(lazy_flag) {}
    };

    struct BuildNode {
        T val;
        int priority;
        int l, r;

        BuildNode(T value, int node_priority) : val(std::move(value)), priority(node_priority), l(-1), r(-1) {}
    };

    int root;
    std::uint32_t rng_state;
    using Pool = detail::PersistentBinaryNodePool<Node>;

    std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool;

    int subtree_size(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? 0 : (*pool)[t].count;
    }

    T node_prod(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? ActedMonoid::id() : (*pool)[t].prod;
    }

    T node_rprod(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? ActedMonoid::id() : (*pool)[t].rprod;
    }

    static std::uint32_t next_state(std::uint32_t state) {
        state ^= state << 13;
        state ^= state >> 17;
        state ^= state << 5;
        return state == 0 ? 1 : state;
    }

    static int next_priority(std::uint32_t& state) {
        state = next_state(state);
        return int(state);
    }

    template <typename U>
    static T make_value(const U& value) {
        if constexpr (requires(U x) { ActedMonoid::make(x); }) {
            return ActedMonoid::make(value);
        } else {
            return static_cast<T>(value);
        }
    }

    static T mapping_at(const F& f, const T& value, long long ord) {
        if constexpr (requires(F g, T x, long long i) { ActedMonoid::mapping(g, x, i); }) {
            return ActedMonoid::mapping(f, value, ord);
        } else {
            return ActedMonoid::mapping(f, value);
        }
    }

    static F shift_operator(const F& f, long long ord) {
        if constexpr (requires(F g, long long i) { ActedMonoid::op_shift(g, i); }) {
            return ActedMonoid::op_shift(f, ord);
        } else {
            return f;
        }
    }

    static F reverse_operator(const F& f, long long size) {
        if constexpr (requires(F g, long long n) { ActedMonoid::op_reverse(g, n); }) {
            return ActedMonoid::op_reverse(f, size);
        } else {
            return f;
        }
    }

    F compose_for_child(const F& inherited, int t, long long ord) const {
        F shifted = shift_operator(inherited, ord);
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        if (!node.has_lazy) return shifted;
        return ActedMonoid::op_comp(shifted, shift_operator(node.lazy, ord));
    }

    int make_raw_node(T val, T prod, T rprod, F lazy, int priority, int count, bool rev, bool has_lazy, int l,
                      int r) const {
        return pool->emplace(std::move(val), std::move(prod), std::move(rprod), std::move(lazy), priority, count,
                             l, r, rev, has_lazy);
    }

    int make_node(T val, int priority, bool rev, int l, int r) const {
        T prod = ActedMonoid::op(ActedMonoid::op(node_prod(l), val), node_prod(r));
        T rprod = ActedMonoid::op(ActedMonoid::op(node_rprod(r), val), node_rprod(l));
        if (rev) std::swap(prod, rprod);
        int count = 1 + subtree_size(l) + subtree_size(r);
        return make_raw_node(std::move(val), std::move(prod), std::move(rprod), ActedMonoid::op_id(), priority,
                             count, rev, false, l, r);
    }

    int reversed_node(int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        Node node = (*pool)[t];
        F lazy = node.has_lazy ? reverse_operator(node.lazy, node.count) : node.lazy;
        return make_raw_node(std::move(node.val), std::move(node.rprod), std::move(node.prod), std::move(lazy),
                             node.priority, node.count, !node.rev, node.has_lazy, node.l, node.r);
    }

    void all_apply_to_node(int t, const F& f) const {
        Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        int left_count = node.rev ? subtree_size(node.r) : subtree_size(node.l);
        node.val = mapping_at(f, node.val, left_count);
        node.prod = mapping_at(f, node.prod, 0);
        node.rprod = mapping_at(reverse_operator(f, node.count), node.rprod, 0);
        node.lazy = ActedMonoid::op_comp(f, node.lazy);
        node.has_lazy = true;
    }

    int all_apply(int t, const F& f) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        int result = pool->clone(t);
        all_apply_to_node(result, f);
        return result;
    }

    int push(int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        const Node& stored = (*pool)[t];
        if (!stored.rev && !stored.has_lazy) return t;
        Node node = stored;
        int l = node.l;
        int r = node.r;
        if (node.rev) {
            std::swap(l, r);
            l = reversed_node(l);
            r = reversed_node(r);
        }
        if (node.has_lazy) {
            l = all_apply(l, node.lazy);
            r = all_apply(r, shift_operator(node.lazy, subtree_size(l) + 1));
        }
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, l, r);
    }

    int merge(int l, int r) const {
        if (l == -1 || r == -1) return l == -1 ? r : l;
        if ((*pool)[l].priority > (*pool)[r].priority) {
            Node node = (*pool)[push(l)];
            int right = merge(node.r, r);
            return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, right);
        }
        Node node = (*pool)[push(r)];
        int left = merge(l, node.l);
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, left, node.r);
    }

    std::pair<int, int> split_node(int t, int pos) const {
        if (t == -1) return {-1, -1};
        Node node = (*pool)[push(t)];
        int left_count = subtree_size(node.l);
        if (pos <= left_count) {
            auto [a, b] = split_node(node.l, pos);
            return {a, make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, b, node.r)};
        }
        auto [a, b] = split_node(node.r, pos - left_count - 1);
        return {make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, a), b};
    }

    int set_node(int t, int pos, T val) const {
        Node node = (*pool)[push(t)];
        int left_count = subtree_size(node.l);
        if (pos < left_count) {
            int l = set_node(node.l, pos, std::move(val));
            return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, l, node.r);
        }
        if (pos == left_count) {
            return make_node(std::move(val), node.priority, false, node.l, node.r);
        }
        int r = set_node(node.r, pos - left_count - 1, std::move(val));
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, r);
    }

    void reverse_node_inplace(int t) const {
        Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        std::swap(node.prod, node.rprod);
        if (node.has_lazy) node.lazy = reverse_operator(node.lazy, node.count);
        node.rev = !node.rev;
    }

    int reverse_node_cow(int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        t = pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        reverse_node_inplace(t);
        return t;
    }

    int all_apply_cow(int t, const F& f) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        t = pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        all_apply_to_node(t, f);
        return t;
    }

    void pull(int t) const {
        Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        node.prod = ActedMonoid::op(ActedMonoid::op(node_prod(node.l), node.val), node_prod(node.r));
        node.rprod = ActedMonoid::op(ActedMonoid::op(node_rprod(node.r), node.val), node_rprod(node.l));
    }

    void push_inplace(int t) const {
        if (!(*pool)[t].rev && !(*pool)[t].has_lazy) return;
        const bool reversed = (*pool)[t].rev;
        const bool has_lazy = (*pool)[t].has_lazy;
        F lazy = (*pool)[t].lazy;
        int left = (*pool)[t].l;
        int right = (*pool)[t].r;
        if (reversed) {
            int new_left = reverse_node_cow(right);
            int new_right = reverse_node_cow(left);
            // Keep both children alive while the two owning edges are swapped.
            pool->retain(new_left);
            pool->retain(new_right);
            pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, new_left);
            pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, new_right);
            pool->release(new_left);
            pool->release(new_right);
        }
        if (has_lazy) {
            left = all_apply_cow((*pool)[t].l, lazy);
            pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, left);
            right = all_apply_cow((*pool)[t].r, shift_operator(lazy, subtree_size(left) + 1));
            pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, right);
        }
        Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        node.lazy = ActedMonoid::op_id();
        node.rev = false;
        node.has_lazy = false;
        pull(t);
    }

    int set_node_inplace(int t, int pos, T val) const {
        t = pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        push_inplace(t);
        int left_count = subtree_size((*pool)[t].l);
        if (pos < left_count) {
            int child = set_node_inplace((*pool)[t].l, pos, std::move(val));
            pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, child);
        } else if (pos == left_count) {
            (*pool)[t].val = std::move(val);
        } else {
            int child = set_node_inplace((*pool)[t].r, pos - left_count - 1, std::move(val));
            pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, child);
        }
        pull(t);
        return t;
    }

    int apply_node_inplace(int t, int offset, int query_left, int query_right, const F& f) const {
        if (t == -1 || query_right <= offset || offset + subtree_size(t) <= query_left) return t;
        t = pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        if (query_left <= offset && offset + subtree_size(t) <= query_right) {
            all_apply_to_node(t, shift_operator(f, offset - query_left));
            return t;
        }
        push_inplace(t);
        int left_count = subtree_size((*pool)[t].l);
        int child = apply_node_inplace((*pool)[t].l, offset, query_left, query_right, f);
        pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, child);
        int position = offset + left_count;
        if (query_left <= position && position < query_right) {
            (*pool)[t].val = mapping_at(shift_operator(f, position - query_left), (*pool)[t].val, 0);
        }
        child = apply_node_inplace((*pool)[t].r, position + 1, query_left, query_right, f);
        pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, child);
        pull(t);
        return t;
    }

    T get_value(int t, int pos, F inherited, bool reversed = false) const {
        while (t != -1) {
            const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
            bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
            int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
            int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
            int left_count = subtree_size(l);
            if (pos < left_count) {
                inherited = compose_for_child(inherited, t, 0);
                t = l;
                reversed = cur_reversed;
            } else if (pos == left_count) {
                return mapping_at(inherited, node.val, left_count);
            } else {
                pos -= left_count + 1;
                inherited = compose_for_child(inherited, t, left_count + 1);
                t = r;
                reversed = cur_reversed;
            }
        }
        return ActedMonoid::id();
    }

    T prod_dfs(int t, int ql, int qr, int offset, const F& inherited, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1 || qr <= offset || offset + (*pool)[t].count <= ql) return ActedMonoid::id();
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        if (ql <= offset && offset + node.count <= qr) {
            return mapping_at(inherited, reversed ? node.rprod : node.prod, 0);
        }
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        int left_count = subtree_size(l);
        int node_pos = offset + left_count;
        T res = prod_dfs(l, ql, qr, offset, compose_for_child(inherited, t, 0), cur_reversed);
        if (ql <= node_pos && node_pos < qr) res = ActedMonoid::op(res, mapping_at(inherited, node.val, left_count));
        return ActedMonoid::op(
            res, prod_dfs(r, ql, qr, node_pos + 1, compose_for_child(inherited, t, left_count + 1),
                          cur_reversed));
    }

    void dump_dfs(int t, std::vector<T>& res, const F& inherited, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1) return;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        int left_count = subtree_size(l);
        dump_dfs(l, res, compose_for_child(inherited, t, 0), cur_reversed);
        res.push_back(mapping_at(inherited, node.val, left_count));
        dump_dfs(r, res, compose_for_child(inherited, t, left_count + 1), cur_reversed);
    }

    void dump_range_dfs(int t, int ql, int qr, int offset, std::vector<T>& res, const F& inherited,
                        bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1 || qr <= offset || offset + (*pool)[t].count <= ql) return;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        int left_count = subtree_size(l);
        int node_pos = offset + left_count;
        dump_range_dfs(l, ql, qr, offset, res, compose_for_child(inherited, t, 0), cur_reversed);
        if (ql <= node_pos && node_pos < qr) res.push_back(mapping_at(inherited, node.val, left_count));
        dump_range_dfs(r, ql, qr, node_pos + 1, res, compose_for_child(inherited, t, left_count + 1),
                       cur_reversed);
    }

    int build_from_nodes(std::vector<BuildNode>& nodes, int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        int l = build_from_nodes(nodes, nodes[t].l);
        int r = build_from_nodes(nodes, nodes[t].r);
        return make_node(std::move(nodes[t].val), nodes[t].priority, false, l, r);
    }

    int build_cartesian(std::vector<BuildNode>& nodes) const {
        if (nodes.empty()) return -1;
        std::vector<int> stack;
        stack.reserve(nodes.size());
        for (int i = 0; i < int(nodes.size()); i++) {
            int left_child = -1;
            while (!stack.empty() && nodes[stack.back()].priority < nodes[i].priority) {
                left_child = stack.back();
                stack.pop_back();
            }
            nodes[i].l = left_child;
            if (!stack.empty()) nodes[stack.back()].r = i;
            stack.push_back(i);
        }
        return build_from_nodes(nodes, stack.front());
    }

    int build_from_vector(const std::vector<T>& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (const T& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(x, next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    int build_from_vector(std::vector<T>&& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (T& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(std::move(x), next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    template <typename U>
    int build_from_values(const std::vector<U>& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (const U& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(make_value(x), next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    int import_node(const PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& other, int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        if (pool == other.pool) return t;
        const Node& node = (*other.pool)[t];
        int l = import_node(other, node.l);
        int r = import_node(other, node.r);
        return make_raw_node(node.val, node.prod, node.rprod, node.lazy, node.priority, node.count, node.rev,
                             node.has_lazy, l, r);
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(int node, std::uint32_t state,
                                              std::shared_ptr<Pool> node_pool)
        : root(node), rng_state(state), pool(std::move(node_pool)) {
        pool->retain(root);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray make_version(int node, std::uint32_t state) const {
        PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray result(node, state, pool);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return result;
    }

   public:
    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray()
        : root(-1),
          rng_state(std::uint32_t(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count())),
          pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {
        if (rng_state == 0) rng_state = 1;
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(int n)
        : PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(n, ActedMonoid::id()) {}

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(int n, const T& value) : PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray() {
        assert(0 <= n);
        pool->reserve(n);
        std::vector<T> v(n, value);
        root = build_from_vector(std::move(v), rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(const std::vector<T>& v)
        : PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray() {
        pool->reserve(v.size());
        root = build_from_vector(v, rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(std::vector<T>&& v) : PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray() {
        pool->reserve(v.size());
        root = build_from_vector(std::move(v), rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    template <typename U>
        requires(!std::same_as<U, T>) &&
                (requires(U x) { ActedMonoid::make(x); } || std::convertible_to<U, T>)
    explicit PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(const std::vector<U>& v)
        : PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray() {
        pool->reserve(v.size());
        root = build_from_values(v, rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(std::initializer_list<T> init)
        : PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(std::vector<T>(init)) {}

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(const PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& other)
        : root(other.root), rng_state(other.rng_state), pool(other.pool) {
        if (pool) pool->retain(root);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray(PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray&& other) noexcept
        : root(other.root), rng_state(other.rng_state), pool(std::move(other.pool)) {
        other.root = -1;
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& operator=(const PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other.pool) other.pool->retain(other.root);
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = other.root;
        rng_state = other.rng_state;
        pool = other.pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& operator=(PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = other.root;
        rng_state = other.rng_state;
        pool = std::move(other.pool);
        other.root = -1;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray() {
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
    }

    int size() const {
        return subtree_size(root);
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = -1;
        pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return pool ? pool->size() : 0; }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray clear() const {
        return make_version(-1, rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray insert(int pos, T value) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        std::uint32_t next = next_state(rng_state);
        int node = make_node(std::move(value), int(next), false, -1, -1);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, node), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray insert(int pos, const std::vector<T>& v) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (v.empty()) return *this;
        std::uint32_t next = rng_state;
        int mid = build_from_vector(v, next);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray insert(int pos, std::vector<T>&& v) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (v.empty()) return *this;
        std::uint32_t next = rng_state;
        int mid = build_from_vector(std::move(v), next);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray insert(int pos, std::initializer_list<T> init) const {
        return insert(pos, std::vector<T>(init));
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray insert(int pos, const PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& other) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (other.empty()) return *this;
        int mid = import_node(other, other.root);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray push_back(T value) const {
        return insert(size(), std::move(value));
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray push_front(T value) const {
        return insert(0, std::move(value));
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray append(const std::vector<T>& v) const {
        return insert(size(), v);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray append(std::vector<T>&& v) const {
        return insert(size(), std::move(v));
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray append(const PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray& other) const {
        return insert(size(), other);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray erase(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, pos);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, 1);
        (void)mid;
        return make_version(merge(a, c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray erase(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        (void)mid;
        return make_version(merge(a, c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray pop_back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return erase(size() - 1);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray pop_front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return erase(0);
    }

    T get(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return get_value(root, pos, ActedMonoid::op_id());
    }

    T operator[](int pos) const {
        return get(pos);
    }

    T front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return get(0);
    }

    T back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return get(size() - 1);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray set(int pos, T value) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return make_version(set_node(root, pos, std::move(value)), rng_state);
    }

    void set_inplace(int pos, T value) {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        int next_root = set_node_inplace(root, pos, std::move(value));
        pool->replace(root, next_root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray reverse(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, reversed_node(mid)), c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray reverse() const {
        return make_version(reversed_node(root), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray rotate(int l, int m, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= m && m <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == m || m == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [c, d] = split_node(b, m - l);
        auto [e, f] = split_node(d, r - m);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, e), merge(c, f)), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray apply(int pos, const F& f) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return apply(pos, pos + 1, f);
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray apply(int l, int r, const F& f) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, all_apply(mid, f)), c), rng_state);
    }

    void apply_inplace(int pos, const F& f) {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        apply_inplace(pos, pos + 1, f);
    }

    void apply_inplace(int l, int r, const F& f) {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return;
        int next_root = apply_node_inplace(root, 0, l, r, f);
        pool->replace(root, next_root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    T prod(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return ActedMonoid::id();
        return prod_dfs(root, l, r, 0, ActedMonoid::op_id());
    }

    T all_prod() const {
        return root == -1 ? ActedMonoid::id() : (*pool)[root].prod;
    }

    std::pair<PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray, PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray> split(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray left(l, rng_state, pool);
        PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray right(r, rng_state, pool);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return {std::move(left), std::move(right)};
    }

    PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray split_off(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        return make_version(split_node(root, pos).second, rng_state);
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector() const {
        std::vector<T> res;
        res.reserve(size());
        dump_dfs(root, res, ActedMonoid::op_id());
        return res;
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        std::vector<T> res;
        res.reserve(r - l);
        dump_range_dfs(root, l, r, 0, res, ActedMonoid::op_id());
        return res;
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_monoid_array.hpp"



#line 13 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_monoid_array.hpp"

#line 16 "ds/dynamic_array/persistent_dynamic_monoid_array.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

template <m1une::monoid::IsMonoid Monoid>
struct PersistentDynamicMonoidArray {
    using T = typename Monoid::value_type;

   private:
    struct Node {
        T val, prod, rprod;
        int priority;
        int count;
        int l, r;
        bool rev;

        Node(T value, T product, T reverse_product, int node_priority, int node_count, int left, int right,
             bool reversed)
            : val(std::move(value)),
              prod(std::move(product)),
              rprod(std::move(reverse_product)),
              priority(node_priority),
              count(node_count),
              l(left),
              r(right),
              rev(reversed) {}
    };

    struct BuildNode {
        T val;
        int priority;
        int l, r;

        BuildNode(T value, int node_priority) : val(std::move(value)), priority(node_priority), l(-1), r(-1) {}
    };

    int root;
    std::uint32_t rng_state;
    using Pool = detail::PersistentBinaryNodePool<Node>;

    std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool;

    int subtree_size(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? 0 : (*pool)[t].count;
    }

    T node_prod(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? Monoid::id() : (*pool)[t].prod;
    }

    T node_rprod(int t) const {
        return t == -1 ? Monoid::id() : (*pool)[t].rprod;
    }

    static std::uint32_t next_state(std::uint32_t state) {
        state ^= state << 13;
        state ^= state >> 17;
        state ^= state << 5;
        return state == 0 ? 1 : state;
    }

    static int next_priority(std::uint32_t& state) {
        state = next_state(state);
        return int(state);
    }

    template <typename U>
    static T make_value(const U& value) {
        if constexpr (requires(U x) { Monoid::make(x); }) {
            return Monoid::make(value);
        } else {
            return static_cast<T>(value);
        }
    }

    int make_node(T val, int priority, bool rev, int l, int r) const {
        T prod = Monoid::op(Monoid::op(node_prod(l), val), node_prod(r));
        T rprod = Monoid::op(Monoid::op(node_rprod(r), val), node_rprod(l));
        if (rev) std::swap(prod, rprod);
        int count = 1 + subtree_size(l) + subtree_size(r);
        return pool->emplace(std::move(val), std::move(prod), std::move(rprod), priority, count, l, r, rev);
    }

    int reversed_node(int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        Node node = (*pool)[t];
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, !node.rev, node.l, node.r);
    }

    int push(int t) const {
        if (t == -1 || !(*pool)[t].rev) return t;
        Node node = (*pool)[t];
        int l = reversed_node(node.r);
        int r = reversed_node(node.l);
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, l, r);
    }

    int merge(int l, int r) const {
        if (l == -1 || r == -1) return l == -1 ? r : l;
        if ((*pool)[l].priority > (*pool)[r].priority) {
            Node node = (*pool)[push(l)];
            int right = merge(node.r, r);
            return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, right);
        }
        Node node = (*pool)[push(r)];
        int left = merge(l, node.l);
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, left, node.r);
    }

    std::pair<int, int> split_node(int t, int pos) const {
        if (t == -1) return {-1, -1};
        Node node = (*pool)[push(t)];
        int left_count = subtree_size(node.l);
        if (pos <= left_count) {
            auto [a, b] = split_node(node.l, pos);
            return {a, make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, b, node.r)};
        }
        auto [a, b] = split_node(node.r, pos - left_count - 1);
        return {make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, a), b};
    }

    int set_node(int t, int pos, T val) const {
        Node node = (*pool)[push(t)];
        int left_count = subtree_size(node.l);
        if (pos < left_count) {
            int l = set_node(node.l, pos, std::move(val));
            return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, l, node.r);
        }
        if (pos == left_count) {
            return make_node(std::move(val), node.priority, false, node.l, node.r);
        }
        int r = set_node(node.r, pos - left_count - 1, std::move(val));
        return make_node(std::move(node.val), node.priority, false, node.l, r);
    }

    void pull(int t) const {
        Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        node.prod = Monoid::op(Monoid::op(node_prod(node.l), node.val), node_prod(node.r));
        node.rprod = Monoid::op(Monoid::op(node_rprod(node.r), node.val), node_rprod(node.l));
        if (node.rev) std::swap(node.prod, node.rprod);
    }

    int set_node_inplace(int t, int pos, T val, bool inherited_reversed = false) const {
        t = pool->clone_if_shared(t);
        const bool reversed = inherited_reversed ^ (*pool)[t].rev;
        const int logical_left = reversed ? (*pool)[t].r : (*pool)[t].l;
        const int left_count = subtree_size(logical_left);
        if (pos < left_count) {
            int child = set_node_inplace(logical_left, pos, std::move(val), reversed);
            if (reversed) {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, child);
            } else {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, child);
            }
        } else if (pos == left_count) {
            (*pool)[t].val = std::move(val);
        } else {
            const int logical_right = reversed ? (*pool)[t].l : (*pool)[t].r;
            int child = set_node_inplace(logical_right, pos - left_count - 1, std::move(val), reversed);
            if (reversed) {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].l, child);
            } else {
                pool->replace((*pool)[t].r, child);
            }
        }
        pull(t);
        return t;
    }

    int find_node(int t, int pos) const {
        bool reversed = false;
        while (t != -1) {
            const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
            bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
            int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
            int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
            int left_count = subtree_size(l);
            if (pos < left_count) {
                t = l;
                reversed = cur_reversed;
            } else if (pos == left_count) {
                return t;
            } else {
                pos -= left_count + 1;
                t = r;
                reversed = cur_reversed;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    T prod_dfs(int t, int ql, int qr, int offset, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1 || qr <= offset || offset + (*pool)[t].count <= ql) return Monoid::id();
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        if (ql <= offset && offset + node.count <= qr) return reversed ? node.rprod : node.prod;
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        int left_count = subtree_size(l);
        int node_pos = offset + left_count;
        T res = prod_dfs(l, ql, qr, offset, cur_reversed);
        if (ql <= node_pos && node_pos < qr) res = Monoid::op(res, node.val);
        return Monoid::op(res, prod_dfs(r, ql, qr, node_pos + 1, cur_reversed));
    }

    void dump_dfs(int t, std::vector<T>& res, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1) return;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        dump_dfs(l, res, cur_reversed);
        res.push_back(node.val);
        dump_dfs(r, res, cur_reversed);
    }

    void dump_range_dfs(int t, int ql, int qr, int offset, std::vector<T>& res, bool reversed = false) const {
        if (t == -1 || qr <= offset || offset + (*pool)[t].count <= ql) return;
        const Node& node = (*pool)[t];
        bool cur_reversed = reversed ^ node.rev;
        int l = cur_reversed ? node.r : node.l;
        int r = cur_reversed ? node.l : node.r;
        int left_count = subtree_size(l);
        int node_pos = offset + left_count;
        dump_range_dfs(l, ql, qr, offset, res, cur_reversed);
        if (ql <= node_pos && node_pos < qr) res.push_back(node.val);
        dump_range_dfs(r, ql, qr, node_pos + 1, res, cur_reversed);
    }

    int build_from_nodes(std::vector<BuildNode>& nodes, int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        int l = build_from_nodes(nodes, nodes[t].l);
        int r = build_from_nodes(nodes, nodes[t].r);
        return make_node(std::move(nodes[t].val), nodes[t].priority, false, l, r);
    }

    int build_cartesian(std::vector<BuildNode>& nodes) const {
        if (nodes.empty()) return -1;
        std::vector<int> stack;
        stack.reserve(nodes.size());
        for (int i = 0; i < int(nodes.size()); i++) {
            int left_child = -1;
            while (!stack.empty() && nodes[stack.back()].priority < nodes[i].priority) {
                left_child = stack.back();
                stack.pop_back();
            }
            nodes[i].l = left_child;
            if (!stack.empty()) nodes[stack.back()].r = i;
            stack.push_back(i);
        }
        return build_from_nodes(nodes, stack.front());
    }

    int build_from_vector(const std::vector<T>& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (const T& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(x, next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    int build_from_vector(std::vector<T>&& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (T& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(std::move(x), next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    template <typename U>
    int build_from_values(const std::vector<U>& v, std::uint32_t& state) const {
        std::vector<BuildNode> nodes;
        nodes.reserve(v.size());
        for (const U& x : v) nodes.emplace_back(make_value(x), next_priority(state));
        return build_cartesian(nodes);
    }

    int import_node(const PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& other, int t) const {
        if (t == -1) return -1;
        if (pool == other.pool) return t;
        const Node& node = (*other.pool)[t];
        int l = import_node(other, node.l);
        int r = import_node(other, node.r);
        return make_node(node.val, node.priority, node.rev, l, r);
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(int node, std::uint32_t state,
                                          std::shared_ptr<Pool> node_pool)
        : root(node), rng_state(state), pool(std::move(node_pool)) {
        pool->retain(root);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray make_version(int node, std::uint32_t state) const {
        PersistentDynamicMonoidArray result(node, state, pool);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return result;
    }

   public:
    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray()
        : root(-1),
          rng_state(std::uint32_t(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count())),
          pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {
        if (rng_state == 0) rng_state = 1;
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(int n) : PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(n, Monoid::id()) {}

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(int n, const T& value) : PersistentDynamicMonoidArray() {
        assert(0 <= n);
        pool->reserve(n);
        std::vector<T> v(n, value);
        root = build_from_vector(std::move(v), rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(const std::vector<T>& v) : PersistentDynamicMonoidArray() {
        pool->reserve(v.size());
        root = build_from_vector(v, rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    explicit PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(std::vector<T>&& v) : PersistentDynamicMonoidArray() {
        pool->reserve(v.size());
        root = build_from_vector(std::move(v), rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    template <typename U>
        requires(!std::same_as<U, T>) && (requires(U x) { Monoid::make(x); } || std::convertible_to<U, T>)
    explicit PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(const std::vector<U>& v) : PersistentDynamicMonoidArray() {
        pool->reserve(v.size());
        root = build_from_values(v, rng_state);
        pool->retain(root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(std::initializer_list<T> init)
        : PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(std::vector<T>(init)) {}

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(const PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& other)
        : root(other.root), rng_state(other.rng_state), pool(other.pool) {
        if (pool) pool->retain(root);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray(PersistentDynamicMonoidArray&& other) noexcept
        : root(other.root), rng_state(other.rng_state), pool(std::move(other.pool)) {
        other.root = -1;
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& operator=(const PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other.pool) other.pool->retain(other.root);
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = other.root;
        rng_state = other.rng_state;
        pool = other.pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& operator=(PersistentDynamicMonoidArray&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = other.root;
        rng_state = other.rng_state;
        pool = std::move(other.pool);
        other.root = -1;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentDynamicMonoidArray() {
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
    }

    int size() const {
        return subtree_size(root);
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (pool) pool->release(root);
        root = -1;
        pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return pool ? pool->size() : 0; }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray clear() const {
        return make_version(-1, rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray insert(int pos, T value) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        std::uint32_t next = next_state(rng_state);
        int node = make_node(std::move(value), int(next), false, -1, -1);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, node), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray insert(int pos, const std::vector<T>& v) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (v.empty()) return *this;
        std::uint32_t next = rng_state;
        int mid = build_from_vector(v, next);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray insert(int pos, std::vector<T>&& v) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (v.empty()) return *this;
        std::uint32_t next = rng_state;
        int mid = build_from_vector(std::move(v), next);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), next);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray insert(int pos, std::initializer_list<T> init) const {
        return insert(pos, std::vector<T>(init));
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray insert(int pos, const PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& other) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        if (other.empty()) return *this;
        int mid = import_node(other, other.root);
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        return make_version(merge(merge(l, mid), r), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray push_back(T value) const {
        return insert(size(), std::move(value));
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray push_front(T value) const {
        return insert(0, std::move(value));
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray append(const std::vector<T>& v) const {
        return insert(size(), v);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray append(std::vector<T>&& v) const {
        return insert(size(), std::move(v));
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray append(const PersistentDynamicMonoidArray& other) const {
        return insert(size(), other);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray erase(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, pos);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, 1);
        (void)mid;
        return make_version(merge(a, c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray erase(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        (void)mid;
        return make_version(merge(a, c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray pop_back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return erase(size() - 1);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray pop_front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return erase(0);
    }

    T get(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return (*pool)[find_node(root, pos)].val;
    }

    T operator[](int pos) const {
        return get(pos);
    }

    T front() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return get(0);
    }

    T back() const {
        assert(!empty());
        return get(size() - 1);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray set(int pos, T value) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        return make_version(set_node(root, pos, std::move(value)), rng_state);
    }

    void set_inplace(int pos, T value) {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos < size());
        int next_root = set_node_inplace(root, pos, std::move(value));
        pool->replace(root, next_root);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray reverse(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [mid, c] = split_node(b, r - l);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, reversed_node(mid)), c), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray reverse() const {
        return make_version(reversed_node(root), rng_state);
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray rotate(int l, int m, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= m && m <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == m || m == r) return *this;
        auto [a, b] = split_node(root, l);
        auto [c, d] = split_node(b, m - l);
        auto [e, f] = split_node(d, r - m);
        return make_version(merge(merge(a, e), merge(c, f)), rng_state);
    }

    T prod(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        if (l == r) return Monoid::id();
        return prod_dfs(root, l, r, 0);
    }

    T all_prod() const {
        return root == -1 ? Monoid::id() : (*pool)[root].prod;
    }

    std::pair<PersistentDynamicMonoidArray, PersistentDynamicMonoidArray> split(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        auto [l, r] = split_node(root, pos);
        PersistentDynamicMonoidArray left(l, rng_state, pool);
        PersistentDynamicMonoidArray right(r, rng_state, pool);
        pool->discard_unreferenced();
        return {std::move(left), std::move(right)};
    }

    PersistentDynamicMonoidArray split_off(int pos) const {
        assert(0 <= pos && pos <= size());
        return make_version(split_node(root, pos).second, rng_state);
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector() const {
        std::vector<T> res;
        res.reserve(size());
        dump_dfs(root, res);
        return res;
    }

    std::vector<T> to_vector(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= size());
        std::vector<T> res;
        res.reserve(r - l);
        dump_range_dfs(root, l, r, 0, res);
        return res;
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/queue/persistent_queue.hpp"



#line 11 "ds/queue/persistent_queue.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

// Purely persistent FIFO queue with worst-case O(1) operations.
template <class T>
struct PersistentQueue {
   private:
    struct Link {
        int value_index;
        int next;

        Link(int index, int next_link) : value_index(index), next(next_link) {}
    };

    struct Pool {
        std::deque<std::optional<T>> values;
        std::deque<std::optional<Link>> links;
        std::vector<int> value_references, link_references;
        std::vector<int> next_free_value, next_free_link;
        std::vector<int> unowned_values, unowned_links;
        int first_free_value = -1;
        int first_free_link = -1;
        std::size_t live_values = 0;
        std::size_t live_links = 0;

        void retain_value(int value) {
            if (value != -1) ++value_references[value];
        }

        void release_value(int value) {
            if (value == -1) return;
            assert(values[value].has_value() && value_references[value] > 0);
            if (--value_references[value] != 0) return;
            values[value].reset();
            next_free_value[value] = first_free_value;
            first_free_value = value;
            --live_values;
        }

        void retain_link(int link) {
            if (link != -1) ++link_references[link];
        }

        void release_zero_link(int link) {
            while (link != -1) {
                assert(links[link].has_value() && link_references[link] == 0);
                int value = links[link]->value_index;
                int next = links[link]->next;
                links[link].reset();
                next_free_link[link] = first_free_link;
                first_free_link = link;
                --live_links;
                release_value(value);
                if (next == -1 || --link_references[next] != 0) return;
                link = next;
            }
        }

        void release_link(int link) {
            if (link == -1) return;
            assert(links[link].has_value() && link_references[link] > 0);
            if (--link_references[link] == 0) release_zero_link(link);
        }

        int store_value(T value) {
            int result;
            if (first_free_value == -1) {
                result = int(values.size());
                values.emplace_back(std::in_place, std::move(value));
                value_references.push_back(0);
                next_free_value.push_back(-1);
            } else {
                result = first_free_value;
                first_free_value = next_free_value[result];
                values[result].emplace(std::move(value));
                value_references[result] = 0;
            }
            unowned_values.push_back(result);
            ++live_values;
            return result;
        }

        int make_link(int value, int next) {
            int result;
            if (first_free_link == -1) {
                result = int(links.size());
                links.emplace_back(std::in_place, value, next);
                link_references.push_back(0);
                next_free_link.push_back(-1);
            } else {
                result = first_free_link;
                first_free_link = next_free_link[result];
                links[result].emplace(value, next);
                link_references[result] = 0;
            }
            retain_value(value);
            retain_link(next);
            unowned_links.push_back(result);
            ++live_links;
            return result;
        }

        void discard_unreferenced() {
            while (!unowned_links.empty()) {
                int link = unowned_links.back();
                unowned_links.pop_back();
                if (links[link].has_value() && link_references[link] == 0) release_zero_link(link);
            }
            while (!unowned_values.empty()) {
                int value = unowned_values.back();
                unowned_values.pop_back();
                if (values[value].has_value() && value_references[value] == 0) {
                    values[value].reset();
                    next_free_value[value] = first_free_value;
                    first_free_value = value;
                    --live_values;
                }
            }
        }

        std::size_t size() const { return live_values + live_links; }
    };

    enum class RotationPhase {
        idle,
        reversing,
        appending,
        done,
    };

    struct RotationState {
        RotationPhase phase = RotationPhase::idle;
        int valid_count = 0;
        int remaining_front = -1;
        int reversed_front = -1;
        int remaining_rear = -1;
        int reversed_rear = -1;
    };

    int _front_size;
    int _front;
    RotationState _rotation;
    int _rear_size;
    int _rear;
    int _back_value;
    std::shared_ptr<Pool> _pool;

    PersistentQueue(
        int front_size,
        int front,
        RotationState rotation,
        int rear_size,
        int rear,
        int back_value,
        std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool
    )
        : _front_size(front_size),
          _front(front),
          _rotation(rotation),
          _rear_size(rear_size),
          _rear(rear),
          _back_value(back_value),
          _pool(std::move(pool)) {
        retain_state();
        _pool->discard_unreferenced();
    }

    void retain_state() const {
        _pool->retain_link(_front);
        _pool->retain_link(_rotation.remaining_front);
        _pool->retain_link(_rotation.reversed_front);
        _pool->retain_link(_rotation.remaining_rear);
        _pool->retain_link(_rotation.reversed_rear);
        _pool->retain_link(_rear);
        _pool->retain_value(_back_value);
    }

    void release_state() const {
        _pool->release_link(_front);
        _pool->release_link(_rotation.remaining_front);
        _pool->release_link(_rotation.reversed_front);
        _pool->release_link(_rotation.remaining_rear);
        _pool->release_link(_rotation.reversed_rear);
        _pool->release_link(_rear);
        _pool->release_value(_back_value);
    }

    int next_link(int link) const {
        assert(link != -1);
        return (*_pool->links[link]).next;
    }

    int link_value(int link) const {
        assert(link != -1);
        return (*_pool->links[link]).value_index;
    }

    int make_link(int value_index, int next) const {
        return _pool->make_link(value_index, next);
    }

    int store_value(T value) const {
        return _pool->store_value(std::move(value));
    }

    RotationState execute(RotationState state) const {
        if (state.phase == RotationPhase::reversing) {
            assert(state.remaining_rear != -1);
            if (state.remaining_front != -1) {
                state.reversed_front = make_link(
                    link_value(state.remaining_front),
                    state.reversed_front
                );
                state.remaining_front = next_link(state.remaining_front);
                state.reversed_rear = make_link(
                    link_value(state.remaining_rear),
                    state.reversed_rear
                );
                state.remaining_rear = next_link(state.remaining_rear);
                state.valid_count++;
            } else {
                assert(next_link(state.remaining_rear) == -1);
                state.reversed_rear = make_link(
                    link_value(state.remaining_rear),
                    state.reversed_rear
                );
                state.remaining_rear = -1;
                state.phase = RotationPhase::appending;
            }
        } else if (state.phase == RotationPhase::appending) {
            assert(state.valid_count >= 0);
            if (state.valid_count == 0) {
                state.phase = RotationPhase::done;
            } else {
                assert(state.reversed_front != -1);
                state.reversed_rear = make_link(
                    link_value(state.reversed_front),
                    state.reversed_rear
                );
                state.reversed_front = next_link(state.reversed_front);
                state.valid_count--;
            }
        }
        return state;
    }

    RotationState invalidate(RotationState state) const {
        if (state.phase == RotationPhase::reversing) {
            state.valid_count--;
        } else if (state.phase == RotationPhase::appending) {
            if (state.valid_count == 0) {
                assert(state.reversed_rear != -1);
                state.reversed_rear = next_link(state.reversed_rear);
                state.phase = RotationPhase::done;
            } else {
                state.valid_count--;
            }
        }
        return state;
    }

    PersistentQueue execute_twice(
        int front_size,
        int front,
        RotationState rotation,
        int rear_size,
        int rear,
        int back_value
    ) const {
        rotation = execute(std::move(rotation));
        rotation = execute(std::move(rotation));
        if (rotation.phase == RotationPhase::done) {
            front = rotation.reversed_rear;
            rotation = RotationState();
        }
        return PersistentQueue(
            front_size,
            front,
            rotation,
            rear_size,
            rear,
            back_value,
            _pool
        );
    }

    PersistentQueue check(
        int front_size,
        int front,
        RotationState rotation,
        int rear_size,
        int rear,
        int back_value
    ) const {
        if (rear_size <= front_size) {
            return execute_twice(
                front_size,
                front,
                rotation,
                rear_size,
                rear,
                back_value
            );
        }

        RotationState next_rotation;
        next_rotation.phase = RotationPhase::reversing;
        next_rotation.remaining_front = front;
        next_rotation.remaining_rear = rear;
        return execute_twice(
            front_size + rear_size,
            front,
            next_rotation,
            0,
            -1,
            back_value
        );
    }

   public:
    PersistentQueue()
        : _front_size(0),
          _front(-1),
          _rear_size(0),
          _rear(-1),
          _back_value(-1),
          _pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {}

    PersistentQueue(const PersistentQueue& other)
        : _front_size(other._front_size),
          _front(other._front),
          _rotation(other._rotation),
          _rear_size(other._rear_size),
          _rear(other._rear),
          _back_value(other._back_value),
          _pool(other._pool) {
        if (_pool) retain_state();
    }

    PersistentQueue(PersistentQueue&& other) noexcept
        : _front_size(other._front_size),
          _front(other._front),
          _rotation(other._rotation),
          _rear_size(other._rear_size),
          _rear(other._rear),
          _back_value(other._back_value),
          _pool(std::move(other._pool)) {
        other._front_size = other._rear_size = 0;
        other._front = other._rear = other._back_value = -1;
        other._rotation = RotationState();
    }

    PersistentQueue& operator=(const PersistentQueue& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other._pool) other.retain_state();
        if (_pool) release_state();
        _front_size = other._front_size;
        _front = other._front;
        _rotation = other._rotation;
        _rear_size = other._rear_size;
        _rear = other._rear;
        _back_value = other._back_value;
        _pool = other._pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentQueue& operator=(PersistentQueue&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (_pool) release_state();
        _front_size = other._front_size;
        _front = other._front;
        _rotation = other._rotation;
        _rear_size = other._rear_size;
        _rear = other._rear;
        _back_value = other._back_value;
        _pool = std::move(other._pool);
        other._front_size = other._rear_size = 0;
        other._front = other._rear = other._back_value = -1;
        other._rotation = RotationState();
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentQueue() {
        if (_pool) release_state();
    }

    int size() const {
        return _front_size + _rear_size;
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (_pool) release_state();
        _front_size = _rear_size = 0;
        _front = _rear = _back_value = -1;
        _rotation = RotationState();
        _pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return _pool ? _pool->size() : 0; }

    const T& front() const {
        assert(!empty() && _front != -1);
        return *_pool->values[link_value(_front)];
    }

    const T& back() const {
        assert(!empty() && _back_value != -1);
        return *_pool->values[_back_value];
    }

    PersistentQueue push(T value) const {
        int value_index = store_value(std::move(value));
        int rear = make_link(value_index, _rear);
        return check(
            _front_size,
            _front,
            _rotation,
            _rear_size + 1,
            rear,
            value_index
        );
    }

    PersistentQueue push_back(T value) const {
        return push(std::move(value));
    }

    PersistentQueue pop() const {
        assert(!empty() && _front != -1);
        int back_value = size() == 1 ? -1 : _back_value;
        return check(
            _front_size - 1,
            next_link(_front),
            invalidate(_rotation),
            _rear_size,
            _rear,
            back_value
        );
    }

    PersistentQueue pop_front() const {
        return pop();
    }

    PersistentQueue clear() const {
        return PersistentQueue(
            0,
            -1,
            RotationState(),
            0,
            -1,
            -1,
            _pool
        );
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "ds/stack/persistent_stack.hpp"



#line 11 "ds/stack/persistent_stack.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace ds {

// Purely persistent LIFO stack with O(1) operations.
template <class T>
struct PersistentStack {
   private:
    struct Node {
        T value;
        int next;

        template <class... Args>
        Node(int next_node, Args&&... args)
            : value(std::forward<Args>(args)...), next(next_node) {}
    };

    struct Pool {
        std::deque<std::optional<Node>> nodes;
        std::vector<int> references;
        std::vector<int> next_free;
        int first_free = -1;
        std::size_t live_nodes = 0;

        template <class... Args>
        int emplace(int next, Args&&... args) {
            int result;
            if (first_free == -1) {
                result = int(nodes.size());
                nodes.emplace_back(std::in_place, next, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
                references.push_back(0);
                next_free.push_back(-1);
            } else {
                result = first_free;
                first_free = next_free[result];
                nodes[result].emplace(next, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
                references[result] = 0;
            }
            retain(next);
            ++live_nodes;
            return result;
        }

        Node& operator[](int node) { return *nodes[node]; }
        const Node& operator[](int node) const { return *nodes[node]; }

        void retain(int node) {
            if (node != -1) ++references[node];
        }

        void release(int node) {
            while (node != -1) {
                assert(nodes[node].has_value() && references[node] > 0);
                if (--references[node] != 0) return;
                int next = nodes[node]->next;
                nodes[node].reset();
                next_free[node] = first_free;
                first_free = node;
                --live_nodes;
                node = next;
            }
        }
    };

    int _size;
    int _top;
    std::shared_ptr<Pool> _pool;

    PersistentStack(
        int stack_size,
        int top,
        std::shared_ptr<Pool> pool
    )
        : _size(stack_size), _top(top), _pool(std::move(pool)) {
        _pool->retain(_top);
    }

   public:
    PersistentStack()
        : _size(0),
          _top(-1),
          _pool(std::make_shared<Pool>()) {}

    PersistentStack(const PersistentStack& other)
        : _size(other._size), _top(other._top), _pool(other._pool) {
        if (_pool) _pool->retain(_top);
    }

    PersistentStack(PersistentStack&& other) noexcept
        : _size(other._size), _top(other._top), _pool(std::move(other._pool)) {
        other._size = 0;
        other._top = -1;
    }

    PersistentStack& operator=(const PersistentStack& other) {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (other._pool) other._pool->retain(other._top);
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_top);
        _size = other._size;
        _top = other._top;
        _pool = other._pool;
        return *this;
    }

    PersistentStack& operator=(PersistentStack&& other) noexcept {
        if (this == &other) return *this;
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_top);
        _size = other._size;
        _top = other._top;
        _pool = std::move(other._pool);
        other._size = 0;
        other._top = -1;
        return *this;
    }

    ~PersistentStack() {
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_top);
    }

    int size() const {
        return _size;
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return _size == 0;
    }

    void release() {
        if (_pool) _pool->release(_top);
        _size = 0;
        _top = -1;
        _pool = std::make_shared<Pool>();
    }

    std::size_t node_count() const { return _pool ? _pool->live_nodes : 0; }

    const T& top() const {
        assert(!empty() && _top != -1);
        return (*_pool)[_top].value;
    }

    PersistentStack push(T value) const {
        return emplace(std::move(value));
    }

    template <class... Args>
    PersistentStack emplace(Args&&... args) const {
        int top = _pool->emplace(_top, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        return PersistentStack(
            _size + 1,
            top,
            _pool
        );
    }

    PersistentStack pop() const {
        assert(!empty() && _top != -1);
        return PersistentStack(_size - 1, (*_pool)[_top].next, _pool);
    }

    PersistentStack clear() const {
        return PersistentStack(0, -1, _pool);
    }
};

}  // namespace ds
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "acted_monoid/range_add_range_sum.hpp"



namespace m1une {
namespace acted_monoid {

template <typename T>
struct RangeAddRangeSumNode {
    T sum;
    long long size;
};

template <typename T>
struct RangeAddRangeSum {
    using value_type = RangeAddRangeSumNode<T>;
    using operator_type = T;
    static constexpr bool commutative = true;
    static constexpr bool operator_commutative = true;

    // Value Monoid (Sum)
    static constexpr value_type id() {
        return {T(0), 0};
    }
    static constexpr value_type op(const value_type& a, const value_type& b) {
        return {a.sum + b.sum, a.size + b.size};
    }
    static constexpr value_type inv(const value_type& x) {
        return {-x.sum, -x.size};
    }

    // Operator Monoid (Add)
    static constexpr operator_type op_id() {
        return 0;
    }
    static constexpr operator_type op_comp(const operator_type& f, const operator_type& g) {
        return f + g;
    }

    // Mapping (sum + f * size)
    static constexpr value_type mapping(const operator_type& f, const value_type& x) {
        return {x.sum + f * x.size, x.size};
    }

    // Helper for initializing a leaf node
    static constexpr value_type make(const T& val) {
        return {val, 1};
    }
};

}  // namespace acted_monoid
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "monoid/add.hpp"



namespace m1une {
namespace monoid {

// Monoid for addition (Range Sum).
template <typename T>
struct Add {
    using value_type = T;
    static constexpr bool commutative = true;

    // Returns the identity element for addition, which is 0.
    static constexpr T id() {
        return T(0);
    }

    // Returns the sum of a and b.
    static constexpr T op(const T& a, const T& b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    static constexpr T inv(const T& x) {
        return -x;
    }
};

}  // namespace monoid
}  // namespace m1une


#line 1 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"



#line 5 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"
#include <array>
#include <cerrno>
#include <charconv>
#line 9 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#line 12 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"
#include <cstring>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <type_traits>
#line 18 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"
#include <unistd.h>
#line 20 "utilities/fast_io.hpp"

namespace m1une {
namespace utilities {

struct FastOutput;

namespace internal {

// Shared with the convenience helpers in template.hpp.
inline FastOutput* standard_output_instance = nullptr;

// Detect std::begin(x), std::end(x).
template <class T, class = void>
struct is_range : std::false_type {};

template <class T>
struct is_range<T, std::void_t<
    decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>())),
    decltype(std::end(std::declval<T&>()))
>> : std::true_type {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_range_v = is_range<T>::value;

template <class T>
using range_reference_t = decltype(*std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));

template <class T>
using range_value_t = std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<T>>>;

template <class T, class = void>
struct range_stored_value {
    using type = range_value_t<T>;
};

template <class T>
struct range_stored_value<T, std::void_t<typename std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>::value_type>> {
    using type = typename std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>::value_type;
};

template <class T>
using range_stored_value_t = typename range_stored_value<T>::type;

// Treat strings and C strings as scalar output objects, not as ranges.
template <class T>
struct is_char_array : std::false_type {};

template <class T, std::size_t N>
struct is_char_array<T[N]>
    : std::bool_constant<std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>> {};

template <class T>
struct is_string_like
    : std::bool_constant<
          std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<T>, std::string>
          || std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<T>, const char*>
          || std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<T>, char*>
          || is_char_array<std::remove_reference_t<T>>::value
      > {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_string_like_v = is_string_like<T>::value;

// ModInt-like type: x.val() is printable, and x can be assigned from long long.
template <class T, class = void>
struct has_val_method : std::false_type {};

template <class T>
struct has_val_method<T, std::void_t<decltype(std::declval<const T&>().val())>>
    : std::true_type {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool has_val_method_v = has_val_method<T>::value;

template <class T, class = void>
struct has_static_mod_raw : std::false_type {};

template <class T>
struct has_static_mod_raw<
    T, std::void_t<decltype(T::mod()), decltype(T::raw(std::declval<uint32_t>()))>>
    : std::true_type {};

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool has_static_mod_raw_v = has_static_mod_raw<T>::value;

// libstdc++ before GCC 16 does not classify __int128 as an integral type in
// strict ISO modes such as -std=c++23. Keep the fast-I/O interface independent
// of that implementation detail.
template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_integral_v =
    std::is_integral_v<T>
    || std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, __int128_t>
    || std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, __uint128_t>;

template <class T>
inline constexpr bool is_signed_v =
    std::is_signed_v<T>
    || std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, __int128_t>;

template <class T>
struct make_unsigned {
    using type = std::make_unsigned_t<T>;
};

template <>
struct make_unsigned<__int128_t> {
    using type = __uint128_t;
};

template <>
struct make_unsigned<__uint128_t> {
    using type = __uint128_t;
};

template <class T>
using make_unsigned_t = typename make_unsigned<std::remove_cv_t<T>>::type;

}  // namespace internal

struct FastInput {
    static constexpr int buffer_size = 1 << 20;

   private:
    std::FILE* _stream;
    char _buffer[buffer_size];
    int _position;
    int _length;
    int _file_descriptor;
    bool _streaming;

    bool refill() {
        _position = 0;
        if (_streaming) {
            ssize_t length;
            do {
                length = ::read(_file_descriptor, _buffer, buffer_size);
            } while (length < 0 && errno == EINTR);
            if (length <= 0) {
                _length = 0;
                return false;
            }
            _length = int(length);
        } else {
            _length = int(std::fread(_buffer, 1, buffer_size, _stream));
        }
        return _length != 0;
    }

    template <class T>
    bool read_integer_from_stream(T& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        int c = read_char_raw();

        bool negative = false;
        if (c == '-') {
            negative = true;
            c = read_char_raw();
        }

        if constexpr (internal::is_signed_v<T>) {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                result = negative ? result * 10 - (c - '0')
                                  : result * 10 + (c - '0');
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            value = result;
        } else {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                result = result * 10 + T(c - '0');
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            value = negative ? T(0) - result : result;
        }
        return true;
    }

    bool prepare_number() {
        if (_length - _position >= 64) return true;
        const int remaining = _length - _position;
        if (remaining > 0) std::memmove(_buffer, _buffer + _position, remaining);
        const int added = int(std::fread(_buffer + remaining, 1, buffer_size - remaining, _stream));
        _position = 0;
        _length = remaining + added;
        if (_length < buffer_size) _buffer[_length] = '\0';
        return _length != 0;
    }

   public:
    explicit FastInput(std::FILE* stream = stdin)
        : _stream(stream),
          _position(0),
          _length(0),
          _file_descriptor(::fileno(stream)),
          _streaming([&] {
              struct stat status;
              return _file_descriptor >= 0
                     && ::fstat(_file_descriptor, &status) == 0
                     && !S_ISREG(status.st_mode);
          }()) {}

    FastInput(const FastInput&) = delete;
    FastInput& operator=(const FastInput&) = delete;

    int read_char_raw() {
        if (_position == _length && !refill()) return EOF;
        return _buffer[_position++];
    }

    bool skip_spaces() {
        int c = read_char_raw();
        while (c != EOF && c <= ' ') c = read_char_raw();
        if (c == EOF) return false;
        --_position;
        return true;
    }

    bool read(char& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        value = char(read_char_raw());
        return true;
    }

    bool read(std::string& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        value.clear();
        while (true) {
            const int begin = _position;
            while (_position < _length &&
                   static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position]) > ' ') {
                ++_position;
            }
            value.append(_buffer + begin, _position - begin);
            if (_position < _length) {
                ++_position;
                return true;
            }
            if (!refill()) return true;
        }
    }

    bool read(bool& value) {
        int x;
        if (!read(x)) return false;
        value = x != 0;
        return true;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, bool>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>,
        bool
    >
    read(T& value) {
        if (_streaming) return read_integer_from_stream(value);
        if (!prepare_number()) return false;
        int c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
        while (c <= ' ') c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);

        bool negative = false;
        if (c == '-') {
            negative = true;
            c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
        }

        if constexpr (internal::is_signed_v<T>) {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                const int first = c - '0';
                const int second = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position]) - '0';
                if (0 <= second && second <= 9) {
                    result = negative ? result * 100 - (first * 10 + second)
                                      : result * 100 + (first * 10 + second);
                    ++_position;
                } else {
                    result = negative ? result * 10 - first : result * 10 + first;
                }
                c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
            }
            value = result;
        } else {
            T result = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                const unsigned first = unsigned(c - '0');
                const int second = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position]) - '0';
                if (0 <= second && second <= 9) {
                    result = result * 100 + T(first * 10 + unsigned(second));
                    ++_position;
                } else {
                    result = result * 10 + T(first);
                }
                c = static_cast<unsigned char>(_buffer[_position++]);
            }
            value = negative ? T(0) - result : result;
        }
        if (_position > _length) _position = _length;
        return true;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, bool>
    read(T& value) {
        if (!skip_spaces()) return false;
        int c = read_char_raw();
        bool negative = false;
        if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
            negative = c == '-';
            c = read_char_raw();
        }

        long double result = 0;
        while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
            result = result * 10 + (c - '0');
            c = read_char_raw();
        }
        if (c == '.') {
            long double place = 0.1L;
            c = read_char_raw();
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                result += (c - '0') * place;
                place *= 0.1L;
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
        }
        if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
            c = read_char_raw();
            bool exponent_negative = false;
            if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
                exponent_negative = c == '-';
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            int exponent = 0;
            while ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
                exponent = exponent * 10 + (c - '0');
                c = read_char_raw();
            }
            long double scale = 1;
            long double power = 10;
            while (exponent > 0) {
                if (exponent & 1) scale *= power;
                power *= power;
                exponent >>= 1;
            }
            result = exponent_negative ? result / scale : result * scale;
        }
        value = static_cast<T>(negative ? -result : result);
        return true;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::has_val_method_v<T>
            && !internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !internal::is_range_v<T>,
        bool
    >
    read(T& value) {
        long long x;
        if (!read(x)) return false;
        if constexpr (internal::has_static_mod_raw_v<T>) {
            if (x >= 0 && uint64_t(x) < uint64_t(T::mod())) {
                value = T::raw(uint32_t(x));
            } else {
                value = T(x);
            }
        } else {
            value = T(x);
        }
        return true;
    }

    template <class First, class Second>
    bool read(std::pair<First, Second>& value) {
        if (!read(value.first)) return false;
        return read(value.second);
    }

    template <class Range>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_range_v<Range>
            && !internal::is_string_like_v<Range>,
        bool
    >
    read(Range& range) {
        using StoredValue = internal::range_stored_value_t<Range>;
        constexpr bool nested = internal::is_range_v<StoredValue>
                                && !internal::is_string_like_v<StoredValue>;

        for (auto&& value : range) {
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<StoredValue, bool> && !nested) {
                bool x;
                if (!read(x)) return false;
                value = x;
            } else {
                if (!read(value)) return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    template <class First, class Second, class... Rest>
    bool read(First& first, Second& second, Rest&... rest) {
        if (!read(first)) return false;
        return read(second, rest...);
    }

    template <class T>
    FastInput& operator>>(T& value) {
        if (!read(value)) std::abort();
        return *this;
    }
};

struct FastOutput {
    static constexpr int buffer_size = 1 << 20;

   private:
    inline static const auto digit_quads = [] {
        std::array<char, 40000> result{};
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            int value = i;
            for (int j = 3; j >= 0; j--) {
                result[4 * i + j] = char('0' + value % 10);
                value /= 10;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }();

    std::FILE* _stream;
    char _buffer[buffer_size];
    int _position;
    int _precision;
    std::chars_format _float_format;
    char _range_separator;
    std::string* _capture = nullptr;

    template <class T>
    std::string format_cell(const T& value) {
        std::string result;
        struct CaptureGuard {
            std::string*& target;
            std::string* previous;
            ~CaptureGuard() { target = previous; }
        } guard{_capture, _capture};
        _capture = &result;
        write(value);
        return result;
    }

    template <class Matrix>
    void write_aligned_matrix(const Matrix& matrix) {
        std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> rows;
        std::vector<std::size_t> widths;
        for (const auto& row : matrix) {
            auto& cells = rows.emplace_back();
            std::size_t column = 0;
            for (const auto& value : row) {
                cells.push_back(format_cell(value));
                if (column == widths.size()) widths.push_back(0);
                widths[column] = std::max(widths[column], cells.back().size());
                ++column;
            }
        }
        bool first = true;
        for (const auto& row : rows) {
            if (!first) write_char('\n');
            first = false;
            for (std::size_t column = 0; column < row.size(); ++column) {
                if (column != 0) write_char(_range_separator);
                for (std::size_t padding = row[column].size();
                     padding < widths[column]; ++padding) {
                    write_char(' ');
                }
                write(row[column]);
            }
        }
    }

   public:
    explicit FastOutput(std::FILE* stream = stdout)
        : _stream(stream),
          _position(0),
          _precision(6),
          _float_format(std::chars_format::general),
          _range_separator(' ') {
        if (_stream == stdout
            && internal::standard_output_instance == nullptr) {
            internal::standard_output_instance = this;
        }
    }

    FastOutput(const FastOutput&) = delete;
    FastOutput& operator=(const FastOutput&) = delete;

    ~FastOutput() {
        flush();
        if (internal::standard_output_instance == this) {
            internal::standard_output_instance = nullptr;
        }
    }

    void flush() {
        if (_position != 0) {
            std::fwrite(_buffer, 1, _position, _stream);
            _position = 0;
        }
        std::fflush(_stream);
    }

    void write_char(char c) {
        if (_capture != nullptr) {
            _capture->push_back(c);
            return;
        }
        if (_position == buffer_size) flush();
        _buffer[_position++] = c;
    }

    void write(const char* s) {
        while (*s != '\0') write_char(*s++);
    }

    void write(const std::string& s) {
        if (_capture != nullptr) {
            _capture->append(s);
            return;
        }
        std::size_t position = 0;
        while (position < s.size()) {
            if (_position == buffer_size) flush();
            const std::size_t copied =
                std::min<std::size_t>(buffer_size - _position, s.size() - position);
            std::memcpy(_buffer + _position, s.data() + position, copied);
            _position += int(copied);
            position += copied;
        }
    }

    void write(char c) {
        write_char(c);
    }

    void write(bool value) {
        write_char(value ? '1' : '0');
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>>
    write(T value) {
        char digits[128];
        auto [end, error] = std::to_chars(
            digits,
            digits + sizeof(digits),
            value,
            _float_format,
            _precision
        );
        if (error != std::errc()) std::abort();
        for (const char* pointer = digits; pointer != end; pointer++) {
            write_char(*pointer);
        }
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, bool>
            && !std::is_same_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>
    >
    write(T value) {
        using Raw = std::remove_cv_t<T>;
        using Unsigned = internal::make_unsigned_t<Raw>;

        Unsigned magnitude;
        if constexpr (internal::is_signed_v<Raw>) {
            if (value < 0) {
                write_char('-');
                magnitude = Unsigned(0) - Unsigned(value);
            } else {
                magnitude = Unsigned(value);
            }
        } else {
            magnitude = value;
        }

        if (magnitude == 0) {
            write_char('0');
            return;
        }

        unsigned chunks[16];
        int count = 0;
        while (magnitude >= 10000) {
            const Unsigned quotient = magnitude / 10000;
            chunks[count++] = unsigned(magnitude - quotient * 10000);
            magnitude = quotient;
        }
        if (_capture == nullptr && _position > buffer_size - 64) flush();
        char captured[64];
        char* const begin = _capture != nullptr ? captured : _buffer + _position;
        char* destination = begin;
        const unsigned leading = unsigned(magnitude);
        const char* first = digit_quads.data() + 4 * leading;
        int skip = leading < 10 ? 3 : leading < 100 ? 2 : leading < 1000 ? 1 : 0;
        for (; skip < 4; skip++) *destination++ = first[skip];
        while (count--) {
            const char* digits = digit_quads.data() + 4 * chunks[count];
            std::memcpy(destination, digits, 4);
            destination += 4;
        }
        if (_capture != nullptr) {
            _capture->append(begin, destination - begin);
        } else {
            _position += int(destination - begin);
        }
    }

    template <class T>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::has_val_method_v<T>
            && !internal::is_integral_v<T>
            && !internal::is_range_v<T>
    >
    write(const T& value) {
        write(value.val());
    }

    template <class First, class Second>
    void write(const std::pair<First, Second>& value) {
        write(value.first);
        write_char(' ');
        write(value.second);
    }

    template <class Range>
    std::enable_if_t<
        internal::is_range_v<Range>
            && !internal::is_string_like_v<Range>
    >
    write(const Range& range) {
        using StoredValue = internal::range_stored_value_t<const Range>;
        constexpr bool nested = internal::is_range_v<StoredValue>
                                && !internal::is_string_like_v<StoredValue>;

        bool first = true;
        for (const auto& value : range) {
            if (!first) write_char(nested ? '\n' : _range_separator);
            first = false;
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<StoredValue, bool> && !nested) {
                write(static_cast<bool>(value));
            } else {
                write(value);
            }
        }
    }

    template <class First, class... Rest>
    void print(const First& first, const Rest&... rest) {
        write(first);
        ((write_char(' '), write(rest)), ...);
    }

    void println() {
        write_char('\n');
    }

    void set_precision(int precision) {
        _precision = precision;
    }

    void set_fixed(int precision = 6) {
        _float_format = std::chars_format::fixed;
        _precision = precision;
    }

    void set_general(int precision = 6) {
        _float_format = std::chars_format::general;
        _precision = precision;
    }

    void set_range_separator(char separator) {
        _range_separator = separator;
    }

    template <class Matrix>
    void write_aligned(const Matrix& matrix) {
        using Row = internal::range_stored_value_t<const Matrix>;
        using Cell = internal::range_stored_value_t<const Row>;
        static_assert(internal::is_range_v<Row> && !internal::is_string_like_v<Row>,
                      "write_aligned requires a two-dimensional range");
        static_assert(!internal::is_range_v<Cell> || internal::is_string_like_v<Cell>,
                      "write_aligned requires scalar cells");
        write_aligned_matrix(matrix);
    }

    template <class Matrix>
    void println_aligned(const Matrix& matrix) {
        write_aligned(matrix);
        write_char('\n');
    }

    template <class... Args>
    void println(const Args&... args) {
        print(args...);
        write_char('\n');
    }

    template <class T>
    FastOutput& operator<<(const T& value) {
        write(value);
        return *this;
    }
};

}  // namespace utilities
}  // namespace m1une


#line 17 "verify/ds/persistent_release.test.cpp"

#line 22 "verify/ds/persistent_release.test.cpp"

void test_release() {
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicArray<int> base = {1, 2, 3, 4};
        auto branch = base.insert(2, 9).reverse();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live);
        std::vector<int> expected = {1, 2, 3, 4};
        assert(base.to_vector() == expected);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        using Array = m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicMonoidArray<m1une::monoid::Add<long long>>;
        Array base(std::vector<long long>{1, 2, 3});
        auto branch = base.set(1, 7).reverse();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.all_prod() == 6);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        using ActedMonoid = m1une::acted_monoid::RangeAddRangeSum<long long>;
        using Array = m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicLazyMonoidArray<ActedMonoid>;
        Array base(std::vector<long long>{1, 2, 3});
        auto branch = base.apply(0, 2, 5).reverse();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.all_prod().sum == 6);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentDsu base(5);
        auto branch = base.merge(0, 1).merge(1, 2);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && !base.same(0, 1));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        using Dsu = m1une::ds::PersistentPotentializedDsu<m1une::monoid::Add<long long>>;
        Dsu base(4);
        auto branch = base.merge(0, 1, 3).first.merge(1, 2, 4).first;
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && !base.same(0, 1));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentStack<int> base;
        base = base.push(1).push(2);
        auto branch = base.push(3);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.top() == 2);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentQueue<int> base;
        base = base.push(1).push(2).push(3);
        auto branch = base.push(4).pop();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live);
        assert(base.front() == 1 && base.back() == 3);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentDeque<int> base;
        base = base.push_back(1).push_front(2).push_back(3);
        auto branch = base.push_front(4).pop_back();
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live);
        assert(base.front() == 2 && base.back() == 3);
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentOrderedMultiset<int> base = {1, 2, 3};
        auto branch = base.insert(4).erase(2);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.contains(2));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PersistentOrderedSet<int> base = {1, 2, 3};
        auto branch = base.insert(4).erase(2);
        std::size_t live = base.node_count();
        branch.release();
        assert(base.node_count() < live && base.contains(2));
        base.release();
        assert(base.empty() && base.node_count() == 0);
    }
    {
        m1une::ds::PartiallyPersistentDsu dsu(4);
        dsu.merge(0, 1);
        dsu.merge(2, 3);
        dsu.release();
        assert(dsu.empty() && dsu.time() == 0);
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentDynamicArray<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push_back(value);
        value.reset();
        assert(!lifetime.expired());
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentStack<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push(value);
        value.reset();
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentQueue<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push(value);
        value.reset();
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
    {
        auto value = std::make_shared<int>(1);
        std::weak_ptr<int> lifetime = value;
        m1une::ds::PersistentDeque<std::shared_ptr<int>> empty;
        auto version = empty.push_back(value);
        value.reset();
        version.release();
        assert(lifetime.expired());
    }
}

int main() {
    test_release();

    m1une::utilities::FastInput fast_input;
    m1une::utilities::FastOutput fast_output;
    int n, query_count;
    fast_input >> n >> query_count;
    using Dsu = m1une::ds::PersistentDsu;
    std::vector<Dsu> versions;
    versions.emplace_back(n);
    while (query_count--) {
        int type, version, u, v;
        fast_input >> type >> version >> u >> v;
        const Dsu& base = versions[version + 1];
        if (type == 0) {
            versions.push_back(base.merge(u, v));
        } else {
            fast_output << int(base.same(u, v)) << '\n';
            versions.emplace_back();
        }
    }
}
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